Turkish Forum

Tag: Turkey – EU

  • Istanbul 2010 ‘great opportunity’ for EU to understand Turkey

    Istanbul 2010 ‘great opportunity’ for EU to understand Turkey

    Wed, 2010-02-03 10:43

    Awarding Istanbul the title of ‘European Capital of Culture’ is a great opportunity for Europe to understand Turkey and for Turkey to better understand the EU, Egemen Bağış, Turkey’s EU chief negotiator, told the European Parliament on 2 February.

    Bağış, who is also a member of parliament for Istanbul and a promoter of the city as European cultural capital for 2010, told MEPs that he “cannot imagine Europe without Istanbul,” a metropolis which was once the capital of the Roman and Byzantine Empires.

    Tapping into the fascination surrounding the unique historic heritage of the city formerly known as Constantinople, Bağış quickly waded into arguments about the EU’s interest in taking on board his nation of 72 million people.

    “Europe is the problem, Turkey is the solution,” said Bağış, explaining that ageing European societies could benefit from the accession of a country where the average age of the population is 28, compared to 42 in the European Union.

    “We have the fourth largest workforce […] The famous French automaker Renault had all facilities going at loss in 2008, except for the facilities in Romania and Turkey,” said Bağış.

    He said debate was rife over where Renault’s new facilities should be built: in France or in Bursa, Turkey. “Of course, Renault executives said, if we don’t build in Turkey, we will lose money,” Bağış said.

    The Turkish minister seemingly wished to dispel lingering doubts that a large Muslim country would bring terrorism and extremism to Europe.

    “The kids who turn cars over in France and burn them do not come from Morocco or Algiers. They were born in Paris. The terrorists that attacked London were not from Pakistan. They were born in London. They received education in the UK and they chose to become terrorists,” he argued.

    Hüsamettin Kavi, chairman of Istanbul 2010’s advisory board, said that obtaining the title of cultural capital had helped to develop a ‘civil platform’ since 2008, when the award was made, and had given Turkey’s cultural development an unprecedented boost.

    “We believe that Istanbul is the most inspiring city in the world,” he said, adding that the former Constantionople is “at the east of the West and at the west of the East”.

    Berel Madra, visual arts director of Istanbul 2010, spoke of the “sustainable effect” of being cultural capital, which is expected to bring advantages to the country’s biggest city well beyond the current year. Citing an example, he said he expected the number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul to increase from the present level of seven million per year to 10 million in 2010.

    Asked by EurActiv to comment on the fact that the launch event of Istanbul 2010 in the European Parliament was mostly attended by MEPs from the centre-left, the Liberals and the Greens, with the centre-right EPP group largely absent, Cengiz Aktar, international affairs director of Istanbul 2010, singled out the name of EPP-affiliated Dutch MEP Ria Oomen-Ruitjen, who strongly supports the initiative.

    But Aktar nevertheless admitted that the EPP group was “divided” regarding Turkey’s EU accession bid.

    Turkish journalists present at the event shared their impression that the number of Turkish officials who had come to Brussels for the occasion vastly outnumbered the number of MEPs present.

  • European Court decision gives hope to Turkish travellers

    European Court decision gives hope to Turkish travellers

    Published: Thursday 29 October 2009   

    A recent European Court of Justice ruling has increased the chances of speeding up the abolition of visa requirements for Turkish citizens visiting the EU, the president of Turkey’s Economic Development Foundation (IKV), Professor Haluk Kabaalioglu, told EurActiv Turkey in an interview.

    Professor Kabaalioglu, who is dean of the Faculty of Law at Yeditepe University and has worked as a high-ranking diplomat in the Turkish Mission to the EU, called for the removal of visa barriers for Turkish nationals in the Schengen space, which he finds inconsistent with the country’s status as a candidate for membership of the Union. 

    The Turkish lobbyist described at length the difficulties faced by various professional groups affected negatively by cumbersome visa-issuing procedures. He cited many cases of people who had lost business opportunities, failed to attend conferences or even missed the chance to study abroad, just because visas were not issued on time. 

    More significantly, Prof. Kabaalioglu insisted that the visa requirement is in breach of existing treaties signed between Ankara and the EU. He illustrated this by alluding to a recent ruling by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the so-called ‘Soysal’ case. 

    Mehmet Soysal and Ibrahim Savatl worked as drivers for a Turkish company, driving lorries owned by a German company. When their visa renewal applications were rejected by a Berlin court, they filed an appeal in the Berlin Higher Administrative Court, which decided to refer the case to the ECJ. On 19 February 2009, the ECJ ruled that visas were not required for the Turkish citizens, for whom such a restriction did not apply at the time of the entry into force of the Additional Protocol to the Association Agreement, concluded between the EEC and Turkey on 23 November 1970. 

    The Soysal case, which attracted great interest in Turkey, had various repercussions for Turkish public opinion, the professor said. He explained that from the Turkish perspective, this ruling covers businessmen, lawyers, sportspeople, doctors and academics, as well as Turkish citizens who wish to travel to EU countries for touristic, study-related or medical purposes. 

    He also explained that the visa requirement would still apply in the case of countries which ratified the Additional Protocol at a later date, when the visa obligation with Turkey was in force. As an example he cited Germany, where the Additional Protocol came into force in 1973, Spain, where this happened in 1986, and Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, when the latter two countries joined the EU. 

    “What needs to be done as a first step is to ensure that all member states implement the Soysal decision in a uniform manner to all Turkish citizens,” Prof. Kabaalioglu insisted. 

  • Turkey’s chief negotiator: ‘Privileged partnership’ is an insult

    Turkey’s chief negotiator: ‘Privileged partnership’ is an insult

    Published: Thursday 8 October 2009   

    French colleagues have promised never to use the insulting phrase ‘privileged partnership’ again as Ankara negotiates full EU membership, the minister of European affairs and Turkey’s chief negotiator, Egemen Bagiş, told EurActiv in an exclusive interview.

    Egemen Bagiş was until recently the vice-chairman of the ruling AKP party, a member of parliament and a promoter of the election of Istanbul as 2010’s European cultural capital. 

    He was speaking to EurActiv’s Georgi Gotev. 

    To read a shortened version of this interview, please click here.

    A number of chapters in Turkey’s negotiations are blocked, mainly over the Cyprus issue, if my information is correct. Who blocked those chapters and why? 

    [Laughter] It’s as complicated as who killed Jesus […] I think that the most important thing that we should focus is that that the most difficult part of the negotiations is behind us. And the most difficult part has been putting the Turkey train on the EU tracks. The most difficult part was starting the accession talks. Every country that has ever stated accession negotiations has at the end completed them. Turkey will not be an exception. 

    It took us 40 years just to get a date to start accession talks. We did not give up. We were committed, we were decided, and we were patient. And today, we are even more committed, more decided and more patient than ever. 

    Which was the major turning point? Was it the December 1999 Helsinki summit, when Turkey became a candidate country? 

    I think the greatest moment was 17 December 2004, when after major debate, even walking out of the room, we were convinced by [Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter] Balkenende and the Dutch presidency to come back to the Council meeting, where we were told that the negotiations would start as of 3 October 2005. 

    What was the compromise? What made you return to the meeting room? 

    It was the Ankara Protocol issue – Cyprus [a decision from 2004 that Turkey should open its ports to Cyprus]. Turkey made a promise to open its ports, in exchange for ending the isolation for the Turkish Cypriots. We are behind our promise. If EU countries decide to have direct trade with Northern Cyprus, we will be more than happy to open our ports, and keep our part of the promise. The Greek Cypriots purchase the products of Northern Cyprus through the Green-line protocol of the UN, but they do not want 26 other EU members to do what they are doing themselves. We think EU is based on equality. And if one member country can enjoy the products of a third country, the other 26 should also be able to enjoy them. 

    But no one except Turkey recognises Northern Cyprus as a country… 

    By trading with Northern Cyprus they would not be recognising the state. Just like we all trade with Taiwan, but we don’t recognise Taiwan diplomatically. 

    Who should now make a move to unblock the situation? Do you expect the Swedes to help you to find a way out, as Balkenende did in 2004? 

    I don’t think we need someone to interfere, beacause the two leaders, [Turkish community] President Talat and [Cypriot] President Christofias have met 42 times this year alone. And they are already rolling the ball. And I’m very hopeful they will come to a conclusion of these talks in a positive manner, and they will announce to the world that they have come to an understanding together. 

    So the key for unlocking Turkey’s EU accession talks is the Cyprus reunification talks? 

    The Cyprus talks are very important, but the Cyprus problem was not a prerequisite for the membership of Cyprus itself. Therefore it should not be a prerequisite for the membership of another country. 

    Do you think the Union made a compromise by allowing Cyprus in the EU without its problems with Turkey being solved? 

    I’m not in a position to make a judgement on that. But I know some European leaders who have said publicly, including [German] Chancellor Merkel, that including Cyprus before a solution was a big mistake. 

    But this is not in your favour. Merkel probably means that the negotiations with Turkey should not have stated. Isn’t the situation with Ms. Merkel now more complicated for you? 

    No. 17% of all foreign investment in Turkey is German. There are three million Turks that live in Germany. 1.2 million of them are citizens of that great country. Germany and Turkey enjoy a very strong relationship. We may sometimes differ on issues, but we are allies, we are partners, we are friends and the relationship between the two countries is very solid. In every relationship, you have good days and better days. But Turkey and Germany can easily handle differences of views. 

    Coming back to Cyprus, do you think President Christofias wants a quick solution, or do you think he is buying time? How would you read his tactics? 

    The Cyprus issue is portrayed as a problem in EU-Turkey relations. But I think the Cyprus issue is an issue on its own. 

    But yourself you explained that it has implications. 

    Well, Cyprus is one of the 27 countries. 

    Who is blocking Turkey’s negotiating chapters? 

    Well, there are five chapters blocked by France, there are three by Austria and Germany, there are eight because of the Ankara Protocol, but it’s a Council decision, it’s not Cyprus. Cyprus is trying to prevent the opening of two chapters, education and energy. But I think these problems can be overcome. 

    In what timeframe? 

    It depends on the talks between Presidents Talat and Christofias. Hopefully by February they will come to an understanding that both sides can accept, and I can assure you, that any solution that is accepted by the Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots will have the full support of the Turkish nation. As long as the two communities on the island agree, we will back the agreement. 

    You are well informed about the Cyprus talks. You even appear to know when they will end. How do you keep contact with Mr. Talat? Does he report to you? 

    No, no. He’s the president of a sovereign democracy. He was elected into office by his own people, and he will face elections in April when his people will decide to keep him in office or not. He only reports to his own people. But as a very close ally, of course, we exchange information. 

    Do you think that Nicosia fears that most EU money for Cyprus would flow to the North? 

    I think Nicosia has a problem identifying the carrots and the sticks for a solution or lack of a solution. I think the world has to put more pressure to the island, on both sides, to speed up the process and come to a comprehensive solution. 

    Regarding the Turkey-EU talks, apart from the blocked chapter, your country has to deliver on the Union’s requirements as any other candidate country. Do you think that your country can deliver as well as the countries from the 2004 and 2007 enlargements? 

    I think that Turkey is more capable than many other countries in those issues. We have already fulfilled most of the Maastricht criteria, although we didn’t have to. When banks went bankrupt throughout Europe in 2008, not a single Turkish bank lost money. The only facilities of French automaker Renault that profited in 2008 were the ones in Romania and in Turkey. Turkey is a very young, dynamic nation. We have the fourth largest workforce in Europe. The medium age in Turkey is 28. Half of our nation of 70 million is below the age of 25. And we have come a long way in the last 10 years. Ten years ago we were the 27th largest economy in the world, today we are the 16th. 

    We have a case – we can become one of the top economies and top countries of the world, even without becoming a member of the EU. So EU membership is very important anchor, but it’s not our only option. 

    But this is precisely the message Mr. Sarkozy will be delighted to hear. As you say membership is not the only option, he is proposing a privileged partnership… 

    I said the EU is not the only option. I didn’t say full membership is not the only option. Turkey will only accept full membership, nothing less, nothing more. But Europe is not our only option. But if we chose plan A, we chose full membership. I checked the 100.000-page acquis, there’s nothing besides membership. There is no alternative to membership. It doesn’t exist. What President Sarkozy used to say, and what his colleagues promised me not to use those insulting, those horrible phrases again, does not exist. What insulting phrases? Privileged partnership. 

    Is it insulting? 

    Very insulting. Because it does not exist. There is no legal foundation for it. 

    But you may find Mr. Sarkozy even more reluctant after these statements. 

    Well, he will be hosting our president tonight (7 October) and I will be going from here to Paris today to meet with them. But I was there two weeks ago. And they realised that these phrases are insulting. 

    You spoke about the Maastricht criteria. What about the Copenhagen criteria? 

    The fulfilling of the critical mass for the Copenhagen criteria was a prerequisite to start accession talks. So we have met that critical mass. 

    But there is more. 

    We are working on it. That’s why we established the male-female gender equality committee in parliament, that’s why we announced 1 May as a national holiday, that’s why we have allocated more than 500 million euros to the South East Anatolia project, that’s why we have changed the criminal code to allow members of the military to be prosecuted in civilian courts, that’s why we have prepared a reform strategy for the judicial branch, that’s why we have announced an anti-corruption strategy document, that’s why the prime minister has had meetings with leaders of minority groups in Turkey… 

    But those efforts, also with respect to relations with Armenia, or with respect to the Kurdish minority: could they destabilise the country if they are not heeded by society and major political players? 

    Turkey is a democracy. People have the right to approve and to criticise the actions of the government. 

    I’m refereeing to the military establishment. 

    Believe me, there are political parties who are much more interested in criticising these initiatives than some of the institutions in Turkey. The military support Turkey’s EU ambitions, because the EU goal ensures keeping the direction that Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish republic, gave to Turks, which is to catch up with the Western civilian status. The EU is the most important contemporary civilisation level. And as we are continuing our reforms, we are ensuring that Turkey is becoming a better place to live in. A stronger and more stable ally for our European partners as well. 

    When does Turkey aspire to become an EU member? What date do you have in mind? 

    I am against giving dates. As I already said, we are a very patient nation. It took us 45 years to start negotiations. 

    Can you wait another 45 years? 

    I don’t think we can wait for another 45 years. I think the EU itself is a political union and it’s a political process, just as 18 million Eastern Germans became EU citizens overnight, without going to any negotiation, because there was a political need. The time will come for that great rendez-vous when 70 million Turks will become equal citizens of the EU. We just have to be prepared for that great rendez-vous. And that’s what I’m trying to do in my country – to increase the speed of the reforms, to make Turkey a better place for ourselves, and a ready place for our friends and allies in Europe. 

    If somebody says 2020 – is that a good proposal or a bad proposal? 

    I have to analyse the dynamics. I cannot say if it’s good or bad. It depends what’s attached to it. 

    But you didn’t say it’s a bad proposal? 

    I didn’t say it’s good either. 

  • Turkey rides on Irish ‘yes’ to promote EU entry

    Turkey rides on Irish ‘yes’ to promote EU entry

    Published: Monday 5 October 2009   

    Ahmet Davutoglu, Turkey’s foreign minister, said an Irish ‘yes’ to the Lisbon Treaty would create the legal conditions for future EU enlargements and pleaded passionately for his country’s accession to the Union.

    Turkey can help Europe to become a major player on the international stage if Turkey is admitted to the club, Davutoglu said. He further insisted that his country was not making these efforts “for PR” reasons, but to help the EU.

    Davutoglu, a professor and political scientist, was speaking in Brussels on Friday (2 October), as Irish voters were being called to the ballot box for a second time to decide on the Lisbon Treaty.

    There, he met with European Commission President José Manuel Barroso, Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn, and Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt in his capacity as representative of the rotating EU presidency.

    The Turkish diplomat said his country was a key regional player and was already playing the role of “honest broker” in a number of conflicts in which EU countries have little leverage. 

    Davutoglu gave many examples of Turkey’s mediator role in conflicts in the Middle East, the Caucasus or during ongoing tensions over Iran’s nuclear programme. He said his country was pursuing a policy of “zero problems” with its neighbours, with all of whom he said relations were “very good”.

    Asked by journalists about his country’s relations with Greece, where a number of bilateral problems persist (EurActiv 28/08/09, EurActiv 03/07/09), Davutoglu explained that there were “of course difficulties”. But he said there was a big difference compared to the situation 10-15 years ago, because problems were now being dealt with constructively “without escalating tensions”. He even called Turkish-Greek relations “excellent”.

    On Cyprus, Davutoglu accused the Greek Cypriot side of not being constructive in ongoing reunification talks held under UN patronage (EurActiv 30/09/09). Among other things, he blamed the president of Cyprus, Dimitris Christofias, for having declined a meeting in New York in trilateral format, with Turkish Cypriot negotiator Mehmet Ali Talat and a Turkish delegation. He said that for the Greek Cypriots, Turkish Cypriots were “semi-human beings,” while Greek Cypriots were “super human beings”.

  • Turkey’s EU Membership: Will the ‘Armenian Opening’ Help?

    Turkey’s EU Membership: Will the ‘Armenian Opening’ Help?

    Caucasus Update No. 49, October 5, 2009

    Caucasian Review of International Affairs

    )

    Turkey’s foreign policy, as emphasised by Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, is to have ‘zero problems with neighbours’ (Today’s Zaman, September 13). This is, first and foremost, intended to stabilise Turkey’s complex regional environment and ensure Turkey’s reputation as a peacemaker. It is also, more tactically, intended to boost Turkey’s long-running EU membership application. Ankara hopes to show that it is a responsible, and indeed indispensable, partner for Europe in Eurasia and the Middle East.
    The rapprochement with Armenia, which seems to be gathering pace, is sometimes interpreted in this light. Turkey’s chief EU negotiator, Egemen Bağış, stated in early September that he expected the ‘Armenian opening’ to help Turkey’s EU bid (Today’s Zaman, September 2). However, this view is rather optimistic. In reality, normalization of relations with Armenia will have a marginal effect on Turkey’s EU application, at best.

     

    In truth, the EU has never been particularly concerned about the closed border between Armenia and Turkey. European policy towards the South Caucasus as a whole has been patchy and vague. It took the war in Georgia for the EU to take an active stance, and in truth this was mainly the product of Nicolas Sarkozy’s energetic diplomacy as EU President, rather than any institutional determination on behalf of the whole Union.

     

    The EU Monitoring Mission now keeping the peace between Georgia and Russia is welcome: however, as the Caucasus Update has argued before, the lack of subsequent hostilities is due to Russia’s lack of interest in a new conflict, not the EU’s efforts (Caucasus Update, March 16).

     

    The EU has been less concerned about the Turkish-Armenian confrontation and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Europe has let the OSCE take the lead on Karabakh, and has been content to sit back and express its support for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. There is little appetite within Brussels, for instance, for an EU peacekeeping force to be deployed in such a tense environment.

     

    However, the EU still has an interest in preventing major conflicts in the ‘wider European space’. The cold war between Turkey and Armenia does not pose this risk. Although Turkish troops might intervene in the event of a new Karabakh war, they did not do so in the early 1990s, partly out of a desire to maintain a semblance of a balanced policy towards the conflict. Ankara, now more than ever, values its role as a peacemaker. Military intervention would destroy that reputation and cripple Turkey’s EU accession hopes.

     

    Without a risk of war, it is clear that the thaw between Armenia and Turkey is hardly at the top of the EU’s list of priorities. Brussels already has evidence of Turkey’s good intentions as a regional mediator: it is currently negotiating between Iraq and Syria (BBC, August 31), has been intermittently involved in the Israel-Palestine peace process, and has also been quietly acting as a bridge between the West and Iran. Although welcome, opening the border with Armenia would not be a ‘game-changer’ in Turkey’s relationship with the EU.

     

    Indeed, the two biggest game-changers in Ankara’s membership talks are Cyprus and the ‘Kurdish question’. Cyprus is, superficially, similar to the Armenian issue – an inter-state dispute with deep roots, which currently hinges on a closed border and diplomatic recognition. Unlike the Armenian issue, Cyprus is an EU member. Consequently, the dispute with Cyprus is the biggest single stumbling block in Turkey’s EU application.

     

    Clearly it is not the only issue – there are 35 ‘chapters’ on which Ankara must satisfy Brussels, and only one (science and research) has been completed. But Cyprus’ significance is such that, when Turkey failed to apply a 2005 protocol on free movement of goods and people to the Cypriot government, the EU insisted that no ‘chapters’ could be closed, and that several would not be discussed until it had applied the protocol. The stakes are hardly as high in the Armenian thaw.

     

    The Kurdish question is less significant than Cyprus, but more so than Armenia. The EU is reluctant to move forward on membership talks with a state which still – despite much recent progress – faces a serious ethnic insurgency. Until Ankara can, in the eyes of Brussels, get its house in order and negotiate a peaceful settlement with its Kurdish population, it will continue to be viewed as an irresponsible and unsuitable candidate for membership by some within Brussels.

     

    It is instructive to look at the question in reverse. If, for instance, Turkey had resolved Cyprus and the Kurdish question, but had failed to make headway on opening the Armenian border, would this impede its membership process? It is unlikely.

     

    Indeed, the only EU members which would be likely to turn the Armenian issue into an obstacle would be those – notably France – which already oppose Turkish accession.  Most pragmatists in Brussels would probably be willing to move on, and urge Ankara towards an open border whilst continuing the membership negotiations.

     

    It would be wrong to think that the EU does not value the thaw between Turkey and Armenia. It does improve Turkey’s reputation. But that reputation is already high, for more important reasons. And it is not the lack of an open border with Armenia – which the EU has little interest in – which is blocking Ankara’s accession to the Union. Until Cyprus and the Kurdish question are resolved, whether or not the Armenian border is open will be a minor footnote in Turkey’s relationship with Brussels.

     

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  • EU and Turkey in ‘vicious circle,’ experts say

    EU and Turkey in ‘vicious circle,’ experts say

    VALENTINA POP

    Today @ 09:33 CET

    EUOBSERVER / BRUSSELS – European leaders must treat Turkey as any other EU candidate and stop suggesting alternatives to full membership, while Ankara for its part needs to re-engage in a democratic reform process, a panel of European experts has recommended.

    The EU’s relationship with Turkey has turned into a ‘vicious circle’, with growing distrust on both sides, the Independent Commission on Turkey, a panel of experts chaired by Nobel Peace Prize winner Martti Ahtisaari warns in a report issued Monday (7 September).

    The Bosphorus: Turkey’s geography is one of the arguments raised by some against EU membership. (Photo: wikipedia)

     

    “Continued negative comments by European political leaders, combined with growing public hesitation about further EU enlargement, have deepened resentment in Turkey and slowed the necessary reforms,” the document reads.

    French President Nicolas Sarkozy has publicly questioned Turkey’s right to become an EU member, pointing to its geography, which stretches from southeastern Europe to Asia Minor. The question of 70 million Muslims set to become EU citizens is also frequently invoked by opponents to Turkish membership in countries such as Austria, Germany or the Netherlands.

    “European governments must honour their commitments and treat Turkey with fairness and the respect it deserves. On its side, Turkey has to re-engage in a dynamic, broad-based reform process, thus confirming that it is willing and serious in its ambition to join the EU,” the report recommends.

    The experts warn against the use of alternative scenarios such as the ‘privileged partnership’ invoked in German circles and urge the EU to stick to the declared “common goal” of accession negotiations – EU membership.

    “To breathe new life into the negotiations, the EU must simply follow through on previous commitments to keep the path to membership open. No new promises are needed,” Mr Ahtisaari said.

    On the other hand, Ankara also needs to keep its promises on the reform side.

    “Two years without elections now lie ahead, and all sides must act now to prevent the country’s convergence with the EU from stalling. Comprehensive, consistent and sustained progress towards more democracy at home is the best way to persuade more Europeans of Turkey’s EU compatibility,” the report reads.

    One major opportunity for progress in the EU-Turkey negotiations will emerge later this month, as a new round of peace talks on the divided island of Cyprus resume. Ankara is the only capital to recognise the north of Cyprus as an independent country, while the Greek south is an EU member.

    “Turkey’s progress towards joining the European Union would get a major boost from resolving the division of Cyprus,” said Mr Ahtisaari. “The seductive idea that the status quo can go on forever is a delusion. The cost of inaction this time around is too high.”

    Speaking in Stockholm after the meeting with EU foreign ministers on Saturday, Turkish top diplomat Ahmet Davutoglu looked confident of his country’s future membership.

    “We have full confidence that our French, British and other colleagues will keep their commitment,” he said. “There is no need for convincing. It is already certain that Turkey and the European Union will integrate in the future.”

    Press Articles

    • Today’s Zaman

    Report

    • Independent Commission on Turkey

    https://euobserver.com/eu-political/28622