Tag: new constitution

  • How far will new Constitution protect freedom of religion or belief?

    How far will new Constitution protect freedom of religion or belief?

    TURKEY: How far will new Constitution protect freedom of religion or belief?

    By Mine Yildirim, Åbo Akademi University & <http://www.inancozgurlugugirisimi.com>

    Turkey’s Constitutional Reconciliation Commission (AUK) has begun the drafting a new Constitution. But the political parties represented on the AUK have not reached a consensus on freedom of religion or belief, Forum 18 News Service notes. What are the implications of the new Constitution’s possible omission of parts of Turkey’s international religious freedom commitments, affecting for example religious education, conscientious objection, and the neutrality of the state? The scope of constitutional guarantees of religious freedom in Turkey should not be limited by the boundaries of the AKP government. Constitutional provisions must reflect the provisions on religious freedom in Turkey’s international human rights commitments.

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    Turkey’s Constitutional Reconciliation Commission (AUK), in drafting a new Constitution, has been considering the provision protecting the right to freedom of religion or belief. However, the political parties represented on the AUK have not reached a consensus on this. The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has presented its own proposal, rejecting proposals from the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP). If the AKP’s proposal is the basis for this part of the new Constitution, partial progress in protecting freedom of thought, conscience or religion will be seen. But perhaps not as much progress as if the CHP’s proposal had been accepted as the start. These protected the right to conscientious objection, and defined secularism as meaning that the state will observe equal distance towards all religions.

    So will the new Constitution – when it is eventually adopted – advance the protection of freedom of religion or belief in Turkey? What would be the implications of the omission of some religious freedom commitments, affecting for example religious education, conscientious objection, and the role of the Diyanet?

    Politicians and society had hoped that the AUK would make unanimous decisions in drafting the new Constitution. On issues where consensus has not been reached, the proposals of parties are included so that the texts will be considered by the – AKP-dominated – General Assembly of the Parliament. The final draft text ready to be passed to the General Assembly has however not been completed. It was hoped that Turkey would have a new Constitution by the end of 2012 but this now seems unlikely.

    The AUK is chaired by Grand National Assembly Speaker Cemil Cicek, and its members are drawn from the AKP, the opposition CHP (through which the Republic’s founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, led Turkey as a one-party state), the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), and the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP).

    The AUK has received submissions on religious freedom from various religious and civil society groups. However, some such as the Baha’is, Jehovah’s Witnesses, atheist and agnostic groups did not become involved in this process (see F18News 13 June 2012 .

    The AKP proposal

    The AKP government has proposed the following text:

    “(1) Everyone has freedom of religion, conscience and belief. This right includes the right to live and to manifest one’s religion or belief, alone or together, in public or private, through worship, education, teaching, practice and performing ceremonies, and has the freedom to change one’s religion or belief.

    (2) No one may be compelled to participate in worship, religious practice and religious ceremonies, to disclose one’s religious beliefs and thoughts, and may not be prevented from performing these [worship, religious practice and religious ceremonies]. No one may be condemned, accused or subjected to different treatment based on their belief, thoughts, opinion and performing or not performing the requirements of these [worship, religious practice and religious ceremonies].

    (3) In carrying out its tasks in the field of education and teaching, the state will comply with the parents’ right to desire that the education and teaching be carried out in line with their religious and philosophical beliefs. Religious Culture and Knowledge of Ethics lessons will be among the compulsory lessons taught in primary and middle educational institutions. Religious education and teaching is subject to the consent of individuals, and in the case of minors, their legal representatives.”

    Also, Turkish media reported on 10 August that the AKP is proposing a phrase stating that “the right to freedom of religion includes the right to associate”. The CHP’s reaction to this is not known. The proposal was reportedly accepted by the BDP, while the MHP opposed its inclusion.

    – Broadening of protection

    The first paragraph broadens the protection of freedom of religion or belief, as Article 24 of the current Constitution only explicitly protects the right to worship (see F18News 30 November 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1641). Yet it is unclear what the AKP means by adding the phrase “to live”, which is not found in international human rights provisions.

    Protecting manifestations of religion or belief and practice provides a basis for protecting the wearing of religious symbols or clothing, religious practices such as praying the namaz (Islamic prayer rituals) five times daily, or fasting. This may open the way for wearing religious clothing such as headscarves in public institutions, such as universities, where this right is restricted for employees (see Forum 18’s Turkey religious freedom survey at https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1379).

    – The right to change belief

    The explicit reference to the right to change religion or belief is in line with Article 9 (“Freedom of thought, conscience and religion”) of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), which Turkey ratified in 1954. Article 24 of the current Constitution does not explicitly protect this right (see F18News 30 November 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1641).

    Fortunately, the AKP and the other parties did not hesitate to provide this explicit protection. This may also be seen as important as it sets an example for Middle Eastern countries where the right to change one’s religion or belief is not recognised.

    – The need for a limitations clause

    The second paragraph does not include any conditions under which the right to manifest religion or belief can be restricted. It would be good if the new Constitution were to include the restriction clause used in Article 9 of the ECHR (see F18News 7 February 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1537). This states:

    “Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”

    Adopting a specific restriction clause for religious freedom would be better than adopting a general constitutional restriction clause on all fundamental rights. This would lay down the specific conditions, in line with international human rights law, under which the right to manifest religion or belief may be restricted. This would also reduce the risk of unspecific laws or regulations being introduced that could be used arbitrarily.

    – Education

    The third paragraph in the AKP’s proposed text on teaching religion or belief is crucial, as it reflects the basis of policies in the field of education (see F18News 13 June 2012 . The inclusion of respect for parents’ right to educate their children in line with their own religious or philosophical views is consistent with Turkey’s international human rights obligations.

    But the continuation of the compulsory Religious Culture and Knowledge of Ethics (RCKE) lessons is incompatible with international human rights obligations. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg in its Zengin v. Turkey judgment, as well as Turkey’s Court of Cassation, have held that RCKE lessons are incompatible with the country’s human rights obligations (see F18News 23 August 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1603). Despite changes in the curricula of the lessons, the Reform in Education Initiative found that significant problems remain (see F18News 13 June 2012 .

    Calls have continued from some parts of the Alevi community as well as civil society organisations for compulsory RCKE lessons to be abolished. But as with conscientious objection to compulsory military service, the government’s political will – not court judgments or the experience of victims of human rights violations – is the deciding factor in this part of the AKP’s constitutional proposal (see F18News 1 May 2012 .

    – Conscientious objection

    The AKP’s rejection of the CHP’s proposals to allow conscientious objection and broaden the definition of secularism may indicate that the AKP’s commitment to freedom of religion or belief is limited. The AKP appears to resist strongly recognition of the right to conscientious objection and making genuinely civilian alternative service available. This is consistent with the AKP’s refusal to make any legal changes, despite continued calls from the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, to bring Turkey’s legislation into line with the requirements of the ECHR (see F18News 1 May 2012 .

    Failure to include the right to conscientious objection to military service weakens the overall protection of freedom of thought, conscience or belief. Demands for the protection of conscientious objection and the introduction of civilian service were made in proposals from civil society, including the Istanbul Anti-militarist Inisiyatif (IAMI – Istanbul Antimilitarist Initiative, the Türkiye Insan Haklari Vakfi (HRFT – Human Rights Foundation of Turkey), the Toplum Gönüllüleri Vakfi (TOG – Community Volunteers Foundation) and Mazlumder (Organisation of Human Rights and Solidarity for Oppressed People) (see F18News 1 May 2012 .

    The jurisprudence of the international human rights standards to which Turkey is a party, such as the ECHR and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), defends the right to conscientious objection to military service (see F18News 26 July 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1597).

    The AKP’s resistance to recognition of this right, despite both international obligations and domestic pressure, can be seen as a serious limitation to the AKP’s commitment to religious freedom.

    CHP proposals

    In addition to the right to have and change religion or belief, the right to manifest religion or belief in public or private in worship, teaching, practice and observance and the recognition of the right to conscientious objection, the CHP made additional proposals.

    – “Exploitation of religion”

    The CHP proposed in the discussion within the AUK, on 9 August, the inclusion of a provision that would prohibit the “exploitation of religion”. The AKP rejected this. “Exploitation of religion” is a vague term and its inclusion may have given rise to arbitrary restrictions. The same proposed provision includes the prohibition of any law being made based on religious rules. The AKP also rejected this.

    On 7 August the CHP proposed a provision that “the state is impartial toward all religions and beliefs in all its proceedings and actions and will respect social pluralism based on the diversity of religions, beliefs and opinions”. The opposition MHP and BDP parties supported the proposal. However, the AKP did not, stating that such a provision would not be compatible with the existence of the Diyanet, whose already large role and status has increased under the AKP (see F18News 4 May 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1567).

    This CHP proposed provision would have been improved, were it to specify that it should also apply in education, public broadcasting, and the activities of the Diyanet.

    Yet, this proposal would have run directly counter to the AKP government’s latest actions (see F18News 13 June 2012 .

    At the same time, the CHP also proposed a provision that “the state will take the necessary measures to establish and maintain mutual respect and tolerance between difference religions and beliefs and those who do not believe”. The AKP rejected this proposal, pointing to the difficulty of defining “respect and tolerance” and noting that relevant provisions exist in the Turkish Criminal Code that the state can use when intolerant acts are carried out between citizens.

    But as may be seen in the recent prosecutions of atheists, some parts of Turkey’s Criminal Code and the way it is used by the authorities itself raises serious concerns about freedom of religion or belief in Turkey (see F18News 11 February 2012 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1667).

    Had the CHP proposals been accepted, there would have been strong constitutional guarantees of an impartial state in relation to followers of Turkey’s varied religions and beliefs, and for the protection of religious minorities’ rights. Given the CHP’s history, the change in the party’s thinking to uphold human rights and state impartiality is significant.

    That the CHP provisions pertaining to conscientious objection, an impartial state and respect for diversity were not adopted is regrettable, as they would have significantly improved the protection of the right to freedom of religion or belief. Turkey’s religious minorities would have welcomed such provisions.

    AKP’s future policies on religious freedom

    The AKP’s refusal to accept the CHP proposals may indicate its future policies concerning religious freedom. Its strong opposition to both abolishing compulsory RCKE lessons and changing the Diyanet are in line with Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s statement on 31 January 2012 that he wanted to raise an [Islamic] religious generation.

    The legislative changes relating to education in June 2012 made it possible to introduce optional lessons on the life of the Prophet Mohammed and the Quran. Also, optional modular lessons on “Basic Religious Knowledge” will be available. In theory, providing such lessons on non-Sunni Muslim beliefs on request would also be possible (see F18News 13 June 2012 .

    However, the availability of teachers, the content of curricula, and the organisation of classes are all unknown – and all will be decided by the AKP government. Experience with the way RCKE classes are currently run does not encourage optimism that such Basic Religious Knowledge lessons will in reality be run in such a way as to respect people’s freedom of religion or belief (see F18News 23 August 2011 https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1603).

    The AKP prioritises the religious instruction it thinks necessary for its goal of raising a religious generation. This is highly problematic from a human rights perspective, as it inevitably undermines the impartial nature of the state and raises concerns in relation to the rights of children, parents, teachers and others to freedom of religion or belief. The AKP also made a proposal to include a constitutional provision “protecting family and the generation”. This may open up possibilities to impose certain moral values on society as a whole, in a way that would be incompatible with Turkey’s international obligations.

    It is important to remember that the new Constitution will belong to all of Turkey’s citizens, regardless of their ethnic origin, religious affiliation or other identities. Constitutional provisions on freedom of religion or belief must take this into account. Instead of drawing the boundaries of religious freedom in Turkey according to the boundaries or future aims of the AKP, the freedoms must be all encompassing and reflect the international provisions on religious freedom.

    The challenge for the AKP – as the current ruling party – remains to devise policies which genuinely respect the religious freedom of Turkey’s increasingly pluralistic society. This starts with the Constitution and also includes other legislative changes to protect religious freedom in line with the country’s existing human rights commitments. The AKP’s non-recognition of Alevi cem houses (places of worship), insistence on the compulsory RCKE lessons, strengthening the Diyanet’s position as a publicly-funded religious institution, and the comments of AKP politicians, indicate that the party fails to devise policies that respect Turkey’s pluralistic reality and observe the principle of impartiality on the part of the state. (END)

    For more background, see Forum 18’s Turkey religious freedom survey at https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1379.

    More analyses and commentaries on freedom of thought, conscience and belief in Turkey can be found at .

    A compilation of Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) freedom of religion or belief commitments can be found at https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1351.

    A printer-friendly map of Turkey is available at .

  • Turkey Begins Drafting New Constitution

    Turkey Begins Drafting New Constitution

    AP06110805151main

    ** FILE ** Flags of Turkey, left, and the European Union fly over the dome of a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.

    Photo: AP

    ** FILE ** Flags of Turkey, left, and the European Union fly over the dome of a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.

    Turkish members of parliament started writing a new constitution this week – a move seen as crucial to ending Turkey’s ties with its military past. But although there is consensus about the need for a new constitution, political divisions still threaten the process.

    The parliament has started to rewrite the 30-year national charter to replace a text passed two years after a 1980 military coup, reflecting big changes in a country now ruled by a moderate government.

    Political scientist Cengiz Aktar of Istanbul’s Bahcesehir University claims a new constitution is crucial for the future of the country.

    “It’s really a key moment in the history of the Turkish Republic,” said Akhtar. “This country needs a new social contract which would describe the way it intends to go ahead and to make sure that all its constituencies will coexist and perform together without any of them feeling excluded, which is the case now.”

    The present military constitution is widely blamed for restricting freedoms rather than protecting them.

    Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan during a news conference in Rome, May 8, 2012.

    Reuters

    Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said the document – to be completed by year’s end – would “highlight the citizen, not the state.”

    Civil society groups, religious organizations and citizens have been asked to contribute to the drafting process of a more liberal constitution. The country’s main legal Kurdish party, the BDP, is also taking part.

    Ertugral Kurkcu, a BDP parliament deputy, is cautiously optimistic, but still has concerns.

    “It’s going to be very healthy, if all sides are striving for a better constitution,” said Kurkcu. “But the major difficulty will arise from Tayyip Erdogan’s aspirations and ambitions of setting up a presidential regime. If anything escalates after then, it’s going to be directly related with the prime minister’s ambitions.”

    Some analysts claim it is probably Turkey’s worst-kept political secret that Prime Minister Erdogan wants to create a much more powerful presidency, along the lines of France or the United States.

    Erdogan has said he will not stand as prime minister again after completing his third term in 2015. Monday, he said a presidential system should be discussed. But all the opposition parties swiftly opposed any change from the current powerful parliament system.

    Political scientist Aktar fears the controversy may not only threaten the current political consensus on a new constitution but also could undermine Turkey’s democracy.

    “The system that is envisaged by the ideologists of the party, very close to the prime minister, is more than like a system of president in Russia, than the U.S. – with very few checks and balances and a lot of power concentrated in the hands of one individual,” said Akhtar.

    The final fate of the new charter – and a possible change to the presidential system – will rest with parliament, and ultimately the people. Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party enjoys a sufficient majority to pass a new constitution, which would then be ratified by a referendum. But observers fear a new constitution passed in such a manner, rather than uniting the country will likely further polarize it.

    via Turkey Begins Drafting New Constitution | Europe | English.

  • Turkey to write first fully civilian constitution

    Turkey to write first fully civilian constitution

    A parliamentary committee in Turkey is due to start work on the country’s first fully civilian constitution.

    59957555 004889957 1The aim is to draft a simpler and more democratic charter to replace the existing constitution, which was drawn up under military rule 30 years ago.

    It gave great powers to the military, curbed individual rights and largely ignored the country’s minorities, including the Kurds.

    The new draft is expected to be completed by the end of the year.

    The multi-party committee has up to now operated with a rare degree of consensus, promising a charter that represents the will of the people and creates a truly representatives democracy, the BBC’s Jonathan Head in Istanbul reports.

    To that end there have been meetings across Turkey, encouraging civil society groups to contribute their views, our correspondent says.

    But contentious issues lie ahead, he adds, in particular, how much cultural autonomy to allow the Kurds and what powers the presidency should have.

    Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who has dominated politics for a decade, has made no secret of his ambition to move into the president’s office when his final term is finished.

    If consensus on the constitution breaks down in parliament, Mr Erdogan has threatened to push the issue through by means of a referendum.

    via BBC News – Turkey to write first fully civilian constitution.

  • Turkey reaches out to its minorities in another step for writing new constitution

    ISTANBUL // Leaders of Turkey’s small Christian community have hailed as historic a meeting with Turkish lawmakers to discuss the country’s new constitution, but the visit also highlighted the challenge of securing rights of minorities in this mostly Muslim nation.

    ■ Minorities and ethnic groups call for more rights in Turkey’s new constitution

    Comment Kurdish consensus at home can serve Ankara abroad

    ■ Turkey moves ahead with new constitution

    Topic

    Christians in the Middle East

    Turkey

    “A new Turkey is being born,” said Bartholomew I, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and spiritual leader of the world’s estimated 300 million Orthodox Christians, after addressing a parliamentary panel in Ankara on Monday. “For the first time in the era of the republic, a formal invitation like this has been extended to the minorities,” the patriarch said, according his spokesman, Father Dositheos.

    The parliamentary panel, known as the Committee for Constitutional Agreement, is gathering views from all sectors of Turkish society in preparation for writing a new constitution, which is due for completion by the end of the year. The current constitution was written under military rule in 1982.

    The appearances of Bartholomew I and representatives of Turkey’s Syriac Orthodox Christians at a parliamentary hearing this week marked the first time that Christian groups were officially consulted in such a major political project in Turkey. A Jewish group met the lawmakers in December. One political scientist said the significance of their testimonies was difficult to exaggerate.

    “It is a matter of political symbolism,” said Ioannis N Grigoriadis, who teaches at Bilkent University in Ankara. “It is very, very important,” he said in a telephone interview with The National.

    But the remarks of Bartholomew I was also a reminder of one of thorniest problems facing the committee: how to safeguard the rights of religious minorities.

    In his 45-minute appearance before the committee, the patriarch renewed his call for the reopening of a Greek Orthodox seminary on Heybeliada, an island near Istanbul. The church has been unable to train new priests and bishops since the seminary was closed in 1971.

    Bartholomew I, who was born on the northern Aegean island of Gokceada, a centre of the small Greek community in Turkey, is a graduate of the Heybeliada seminary. After meeting the lawmakers in Ankara, the patriarch said he was “leaving with hope”. He submitted an 18-page list of demands of the Orthodox Christian community to committee members.

    Turkey, a country with a 99 per cent Muslim population, is a secular republic that officially grants equal rights to all its citizens, regardless of their religion. Still, Christians and Jews say they face problems in educating their clergy, protecting property rights and getting government jobs.

    In his meeting with the committee, Bartholomew I noted that he was required to arrange his contacts with Turkish officials through the country’s foreign ministry, even though he was a Turkish citizen. “We do not want to be second-class citizens,” he said.

    The Turkish state does not recognise Bartholomew I’s role as Ecumenical Patriarch because of fears that the Orthodox Church could try to establish its own version of the Vatican on Turkish soil. Turkish authorities recognise him only as the leader of the small community of about 3,000 to 5,000 Greek Orthodox Christians in Turkey.

    About 100,000 Christians and 30,000 Jews live in Turkey, a country of 75 million people. Only Jews, Armenians and Greek Orthodox Christians are officially recognised as religious minorities under a 1923 treaty, while groups, such as the roughly 10,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians, whose traditional home is the region around Mardin near the Syrian border, do not have an official status as a church.

    At the meeting in Ankara on Monday, Syriac Christians asked for formal recognition as a minority, said Rudi Sumer, a Syriac lawyer who represented the group at the hearing. Mr Sumer told The National by telephone that Syriacs were calling for more cultural rights and for Syriac Orthodox clerics to be paid by the state, just as Turkey’s imams are.

    “We hope that our views are heard, but we have to wait for the outcome to be sure,” Mr Sumer said.

    Since coming to power in late 2002, the government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan has widened minority rights, and it recently started a process of returning confiscated real estate to non-Muslim groups. Granting more rights to religious minorities has been one of the main demands of the European Union, which Turkey wants to join.

    Mr Grigoriadis said the Turkish government had undertaken “many positive steps” to improve the situation of non-Muslims.

    “Until a relatively short time ago, the patriarchate was ignored by Ankara, and now the patriarch is invited by parliament.”

    tseibert@thenational.ae

    via Turkey reaches out to its minorities in another step for writing new constitution – The National.

  • Istanbul-Armenian newspapers to attend discussions on Turkey’s new Constitution

    Istanbul-Armenian newspapers to attend discussions on Turkey’s new Constitution

    80322ISTANBUL. – Turkey’s Grand National Assembly Speaker Cemil Cicek invited representatives of the country’s four national minority newspapers to take part in a conference devoted to the preparation of a new Constitution.

    Chief editors or directors from 5 news agencies, 29 newspapers, and 25 television companies are invited to this event, CNN Turk news agency reported.

    Invitations were also sent to the Armenian “Agos” and “Jamanak,” the Jewish “Shalom,” and the Greek “Apoyevmatini” newspapers.

    via Istanbul-Armenian newspapers to attend discussions on Turkey’s new Constitution | Armenia News – NEWS.am.

  • Turkey moves ahead with new constitution

    Turkey moves ahead with new constitution

    Thomas Seibert

    Oct 19, 2011

    ISTANBUL // Turkey will begin writing its sixth constitution today – marking the first time the country has taken up the task outside imperial rule, wartime conditions or the shadows of a military coup.

    Turkey’s current constitution was drawn up under military rule in 1982, two years after a coup, and is widely considered unsuitable because of the restrictions it has imposed on basic rights such as free speech. After winning a referendum on constitutional changes last year, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the prime minister, promised to make the new constitution the centrepiece of the legislative term that began after June elections.

    As Turkey prepared to tackle the historic task, Mr Erdogan drew attention to the wider significance of the project in a region shaken by the Arab Spring. Speaking at a meeting of his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) this week, he said Turks wanted their country to become an “advanced democracy”.

    But the AKP, which won a landslide victory in parliamentary elections in June with almost 50 per cent of the vote, was not just representing Turkey, Mr Erdogan said, according to a transcript of his speech posted on the AKP’s website yesterday.

    “The AKP is not just Turkey’s party, but a world party,” Mr Erdogan said. “From Mogadishu to Sarajevo, from Damascus to Skopje, from Sanaa to Bishkek, from Abu Dhabi to Islamabad, from Gaza to Benghazi, from Pristina to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus – wherever there is a victim in the world, the AKP is at his side,” the prime minister said. “This is the kind of party we are.”

    An “agreement commission”, made up by three members of each of the four parties represented in parliament and presided over by Cemil Cicek, the parliamentary speaker, would convene for its inaugural meeting today. Mr Erdogan said last week he hoped work on a new basic law could be wrapped up within a year.

    Observers inside and outside the country have named Turkey as a model for countries such as Egypt, Tunisia and Libya that have shaken off dictatorships in uprisings this year. Hundreds of millions of people in the region followed Turkey’s elections, Mr Erdogan said in his speech. “Everybody who works for the AKP deeply feels that great responsibility.”

    At today’s talks, AKP representatives will be joined by politicians from three opposition parties: the secularist Republican People’s Party (CHP), the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Party for Peace and Democracy (BDP), Turkey’s main Kurdish party.

    The EU, which Turkey has hopes of joining, applauded a new constitution as a chance to advance democratic principles and to address problems such as the Kurdish conflict, but said all views on the subject should be heard.

    “Due attention needs to be paid to ensuring the broadest possible consultation in this work, involving all political parties and civil society,” the EU said in a report last week.

    In the run-up to the talks, critics voiced concerns that the AKP could try to steamroll other parties, but Mr Erdogan said his party would aim for a broad consensus.

    “If we talk about democracy, we cannot allow a minority to dominate over the majority,” he told his party members, referring to the AKP’s majority in parliament, where it controls 327 of 550 seats. “But I also want to underline that we want to protect the rights of minorities.”

    Mithat Sancar, a law professor at Ankara University, said the AKP’s decision to accept equal representation on the commission, as well as the decision to include the BDP even though it has been accused of ties to the militant Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), were “hopeful signs”.

    But, Prof Sancar said there were questions about how the new constitution would be written. “Will it be just parliament that is involved? How will civil society be integrated in the process? They have to talk about the method first,” he said.

    Mr Erdogan’s personal agenda has also been questioned. Some critics have said the prime minister would try to use the constitutional talks to propose a switch from Turkey’s current parliamentary system to an American or French-style presidential one.

    His preference for a presidential system was widely known, but the prime minister has not said whether he wants to push the issue during the talks. “The public does not know what is on Erdogan’s mind,” Prof Sancar said.

    Even before the talks, some points on contention between the parties have emerged. The CHP, which was established by modern Turkey’s founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, wanted to preserve the first articles of the current constitution, which defined Turkey as a secular republic and said the country was committed to “Ataturk nationalism”.

    But Mr Erdogan stressed in his speech that the talks should be held without any preconditions.

    tseibert@thenational.ae

    via Turkey moves ahead with new constitution – The National.