Category: Asia and Pacific

  • Istanbul to Islamabad journey to take 11 days with Gul Train

    Istanbul to Islamabad journey to take 11 days with Gul Train

    Director General of Turkey’s State Railways (TCDD) Suleyman Karaman said that in their talks with Pakistani and Afghan ministers, a decision was taken to increase the frequency of the Gul Train travelling between Istanbul and Islamabad and to increase the amount of cargo carried, according to a report published by Turkish Weekly.

    Speaking to the Anadolu Agency (AA), Suleyman Karaman stressed that they aimed to bring down the number of days required for the Gul Train to reach Islamabad from Istanbul to 11 days from the previous mark of 15 days.

    via Istanbul to Islamabad journey to take 11 days with Gul Train | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia.

  • Solo Travel Destination: Istanbul, Turkey

    Solo Travel Destination: Istanbul, Turkey

    We are pleased to present a new Solo Travel Destination Post from Alison, a member of the Solo Travel Society on Facebook. Alison is from Australia, and submitted the following report about Istanbul. Do you have a solo travel destination that you would like to recommend? Submit your description here, along with a few photos, and share it with fellow travelers!

    Solo travel rating: 1.5 (1 is easiest, 4 is most difficult. Please see chart below)

    Languages spoken: Turkish, French, English, Kurdish

    fishing istanbul

    photo, image, fishing, Istanbul

    Fishing on the Bosphorous Bridge.

    Reasons to go: Istanbul is fascinating, culturally and historically, and an absolute visual feast. One of the world’s great waterfront cities, it has the Bosphorous, the Golden Horn & the Sea of Marmara on three sides. There is great shopping, a plethora of historical sites, a rich live music & night club culture, and wonderful food.

    You can tour palaces and museums – Hagia Sophia (once a church, then a mosque, now a museum), the Blue Mosque, Topkapi Palace – and get a glimpse into the opulent life of the Ottoman Empire. Cruise up the Bosphorus to the Black Sea or out into the Sea of Marmara to the Princes Islands.

    The Roman mosaic museum and the nearby Rasta Bazaar are full of beautiful silks, embroideries, leather goods, and carpets, carpets, carpets! Check out Kumkapi for freshly caught seafood, Haci Abdullah for classic Ottoman dishes, or take a ferry ride to the Eastern side for fabulous regional foods at Ciya. Visit Yanothererebatan cistern or the hamam for a turkish steam bath and a good scrub down and massage. If you have more time to spare head to Cappadocia for a balloon flight, or the Turquoise coast for a gulet cruise.

     

    Solo Travel Destination Rating System

    Safety – 1 (1 very safe, 2 safe in most areas, 3 be cautious at all times.)

    Language – 2 (1 English is first language, 2 English speakers easy to find, 3 English speakers rare)

    Navigation – 1 (1 easy to navigate by transit or car, 2 poor transit, car necessary, 3 not easy to get around)

    Culture – 2 (1 Similar to North America or Western Europe, 2 Different from above but relaxed and easy, 3 Challenging)

    Average Rating – 1.5 (1 is easiest, 4 is most difficult)

    via Solo Travel Destination: Istanbul, Turkey | Solo Traveler.

    Source : https://solotravelerworld.com/solo-travel-destination-istanbul-turkey/

  • Uzbekistan celebrates the 20th Anniversary of its Constitution

    Uzbekistan celebrates the 20th Anniversary of its Constitution

    Address by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

    H.E. Mr. Islam Karimov at the Grand Meeting

    dedicated to the 20th Anniversary of the Constitution

    of the Republic of Uzbekistan

     

    Dear friends!

    Distinguished guests!

    These days we are celebrating the landmark date in the modern history of Uzbekistan– the 20th anniversary of adoption of the Constitution, the Main Law which has laid a legal foundation of building a democratic state with market economy and civil society.

    The entire course of a progressive development of Uzbekistan throughout the years of independence strongly confirms the enormous potential of our Constitution and that its principles, provisions and norms were deeply thought-out, consistent and credible.

    During the historically short period of time Uzbekistan once one of the least developed republics of the former Soviet Union by its potential and living standards has grown to a sustainable and steadily developing country with a modern diversified economy that ensures a radical growth of well-being and quality of life of population, as well as a confident advancement along the path of democratic renewal and progress.

    It is truly hard to imagine that despite the huge problems and hardships, challenges and trials we had to overcome, during 20 years Uzbekistan’s economy has grown more than 3,5 times, the gross domestic product per capita – 2,5 times, while we should keep in mind that the country’s population during this period has grown almost by 9 million people and now approaches to 30 million.

    Suffice it to say that despite the ongoing global financial and economic crisis since 2008, among few countries in the world, in 2008-2012 the annual GDP growth made up not less than 8,2 percent in Uzbekistan. We have ensured the steady and balanced macroeconomic parameters, the surplus of the State budget and balance of payments, the growth of exports and official reserves. According to the Asian Development Bank, during the last three years the incomes of the country’s population have grown three-fold.

    Today I believe there is no need to say that the principles and norms stipulated in our Constitution and the Uzbek model of development chosen by us and acclaimed throughout the world were assumed as a basis of the reforms and modernization of the country which are deep by their content and grandiose by their scale.

    First of all, we are speaking about implementation of the concept of evolutionary development, de-ideologization of the economy, gradual democratic reforms, ensuring rule of law, recognition of a regulatory role of state as a principal reformer, implementation of the strong social policies with due consideration of specific peculiarities of our country.

    This is a result of the deeply forethought reforms that meet the modern democratic requirements and aimed at creating a political system based on the principles of checks and balances, separation of functions and powers of legislative, executive and judicial branches of power, as well as reinforcing the role of political parties.

    This refers to rejection of a centralized planning-distributive Soviet system and transition to generally accepted principles of free market economy, securing inviolability of private ownership as a crucial priority of Uzbekistan’s strategic development.

    This also refers to ensuring accelerated and rapid development of small business and private entrepreneurship, establishing on this basis the middle class which now stands as the most important and decisive social strata of the society, guarantor of social and political stability and an active driving force along the path of reforms and modernization of the country.

    We can draw upon many more vital factors that have conditioned and provided fast growth and establishment of Uzbekistan as an independent and sovereign state with developing democratic, socio-political and civil institutions and where the true value remains to be a human being, his rights, interests and freedoms.

    Along with this, we well realize that democratization and liberalization, building a state principally new for us are not one-time but a long-run and continuous process which is not limited by a time-frame.

    The Concept of further deepening the democratic reforms and establishing the civil society in the country, adopted by the Parliament in November 2010, is a logical and naturally determined continuation of the process of democratic renewal and modernization launched since the early days of Uzbekistan’s independence.

    Proceeding from the principle of implementing the phased reforms on the basis of consistency and continuity of evolutionary development, the Concept, as a matter of fact, stands as a long-term national Strategy of realization of the paramount priorities of social, political and economic reforms in the conditions of dramatic changes taking place in the world.

    Not extensive but substantial experience gained during the years of our independent development does confirm that it is only well-grounded course and consistent reforms based on justified models of democratic transformations, consideration of historical and concrete realities of contemporary world can ensure success and efficiency of these reforms, as well as the steadiness and necessary growth rates of the state and society, and population’s living standards.

    Any artificial forcing of democratic reforms for the sake of some ambitions and wishful thinking, as a rule, leads to reverse results as it can be observed in many examples.

    The Program to implement the aforesaid Concept envisages more than 50 draft laws and legal acts, and by now the Parliament of the country has adopted 12 laws and more than 30 laws are now being considered and discussed with involvement of a broad public, including foreign expert organizations.

    The Law “On introducing amendments and addenda to the particular articles of the Constitution of theRepublicofUzbekistan(articles 78, 80, 93, 96, 98)” of 2011 served as the most important document in the sphere of democratization of state power and governance. This Law is aimed at ensuring more balanced distribution of constitutional authorities among the President – the Head of state, legislative and executive branches of power. It was introduced the institute of vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister; the significant powers were delegated from the President to Senate – the Upper Chamber of the Parliament and the Cabinet of Ministers of the country; the authorities of local legislative councils were considerably expanded.

    The current legislation shall be further improved thanks to the amendments to the laws adopted by the Parliament “On elections to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan” and “On elections to the regional, district and municipal Kengashes of people’s deputies”, as well as the legislative acts on reforming and liberalization of the judicial system and expanding the sphere of application of Habeas corpus institute, implementation of the provisions of the Concept in the sphere of reforming the information system and ensuring freedom of speech, in particular, in the system of information and communication technologies and television, which play a decisive role in political modernization of the country.

    The adoption of such laws as “On normative-legal acts”, “On social partnership”, “On public control”, “On transparency of activity of bodies of state power and governance” and other legal acts will stimulate dynamic development of civil society, strengthening of its role in protecting constitutional rights and interests of people, transparency of activity of governing structures and informing the population about administrative decisionmaking.

    It is difficult to overestimate the role and significance of the Law adopted this year “On protection of private ownership and guarantees of proprietors’ rights” which secures the key principle of the priority of owners’ rights. From now on all emerging contradictions and ambiguities in the legislation in terms of mutual relations between a proprietor and state bodies must be resolved in favor of the proprietor.

    The active laws in new wording “On family entrepreneurship”, “On competition”, “On guarantees of free entrepreneurship” and the decrees of the President adopted on their basis, namely “On measures to further improve business climate and provide more freedom to entrepreneurship” and “On measures to radically cut statistical, tax and financial reports, licensed types of activity and permissive procedures”, as well as other adopted decisions must become a guarantee for a sustainable development, diversification and modernization of the country’s economy and creation for this purpose of a favorable business climate and improvement of the attractiveness of the investment climate in the country.

    It is of a special importance to provide monitoring of implementation of all of these legislative acts and legal norms aimed at comprehensive support and protection of the interests of business and private entrepreneurship in the national, external and world markets given the aggravation of the global crisis.

    Dear friends!

    I think that dwelling upon all measures on deepening the democratic reforms and developing the civil society inUzbekistanwould take too much time and it is obvious there is no need to do so.

    Today it is much more important to realize and assess to what extent the laws and legal documents adopted and being passed in our country and, in general, everything what we do in our practical life ensure the rapid pace of the country’s development and modernization, as well as bring us closer to our prime goal – Uzbekistan’s joining the ranks of the developed and democratic nations of the world.

    It would not be an exaggeration to say that among the key factors that ensure our dynamic development, there are no doubt, the changes taking place in the minds and worldview of our people, their attitude towards life and labor, as well as their growing political and legal culture.

    We are getting rid of the burden and legacy of the totalitarian past, our people well understand how rapidly the modern world surrounding us is changing and comprehend their responsibility for the country’s future.

    In short, our people clearly realize at what cost and at the expense of what uneasy ordeals and hardships we have achieved today’s frontiers, and what is especially important, without giving way to euphoria, make consistent and confident steps along the road of integration to the world democratic community.

    And we do know what is our main buttress and decisive power in achieving the set goals.

    The education system established practically anew, which is unique by its form and substance and raises a keen interest in the international arena, is already bearing fruits. Annually, more than 600 thousand young people of totally new generation enter the real life.

    This is our educated, intellectually developed and vocationally trained youth with a new way of thinking who are devoted to the interests of their country and the people.

    Dear friends!

    The dynamic processes and changing situation in the modern world, aggravation of the existing and emergence of the new conflict situations, the growing standoff in the certain regions on interethnic and inter-religious differences, the continuing global financial-economic crisis and its consequences put on the agenda the serious challenges and threats.

    The threat of proliferation of the nuclear technologies and weapons of mass destruction, the growth of intolerance, radicalism and extremism, and the appearance of the new hotbeds of tension arouse yet greater alarm in the world community.

    I think today there is no need to speak that in the condition of globalization all these processes may well have a negative impact on security, stability and sustainable development of our region where the interests of the biggest states of the world cross.

    We cannot but be seriously concerned by a possible further escalation of the situation, real threat of activization of terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking in neighboring Afghanistan and beyond due to the forthcoming withdrawal of the ISAF coalition forces before and after 2014.

    It is not ruled out that such a scenario of development of events may lead to transformation of the confronting forces into an interethnic and regional standoff, and will open up a way for a new round of the civil war in Afghanistan. Many respected experts share this view.

    We strongly believe that in the unfolding situation to prevent such a negative development of events there is the most acceptable option, and it has been discussed for a long time, – to form the Contact Group under the UN auspices with participation of the countries neighboring on Afghanistan, as well as the United States, NATO and Russia.

    The major objective of this Group is to achieve a compromise among rival forces and establish the coalition Afghan government where the main ethnic, national and religious groups of Afghanistan would find their place.

    There is no any worthy alternative to this decision.

    Uzbekistan is building and will build its relations with neighboring Afghanistan on bilateral basis with due consideration of national interests of both countries and showing respect to the choice of the Afghan people in terms of the future of their country.

    These very approaches are stipulated in the Law “On approval of the Concept of foreign policy activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan” of September 2012, which has drawn a wide response from the international community.

    The Concept defines the fundamental principles and strategic priorities of our state in the international arena and stands as a logical continuation of the strategy carried out by Uzbekistan since the first years of independence.

    Pursuing, first of all, its long-term national interests, which are the core value and principle of the country’s foreign policy, Uzbekistan clearly declares the following:

    Uzbekistanshall keep distance from various military-political blocs and alliances; about its firm position on protection of its sovereignty and territorial integrity; about rejection of deployment of foreign military bases on its territory and about conducting independent, consistent and active foreign policy.

     

    Uzbekistanshall not allow its involvement in various standoffs for ideological reasons and participation in military conflicts and hotbeds of tension in the neighboring states and territories.Uzbekistanshall be a strong supporter of the principle of good-neighborliness and peaceful settlement of emerging disputes.

    In the complex conditions of the situation unfolding in the region, in the conditions of growing confrontation in the near and far surroundings, it is only such a foreign policy that may well meet the true wishes and aspirations of our nation to preserve peace and prosperity of the country, ensure the conditions necessary to live in accord and mutual understanding with neighboring countries and nations.

    I am convinced that everyone present in this hall will agree with such an agenda that we have set forward. I am convinced that our people will support this policy.

    Dear friends!

    Declaration of the year 2012 as “The Year of Family” in our country and our decision to further develop on this basis the institute of family, which for over the span of centuries served as a pillar of our life and resolute component of our society, was welcomed by our people with a great enthusiasm.

    All of us are well aware that naming this year envisaged the implementation of noble plans on further strengthening and enhancing the well-being of a family which embodies the eternity of life, happiness of each and every human being, his future, dreams and aspirations, as well as elevation of all of our works in this sphere to a new level.

    I believe that the implementation of the State Program adopted in this connection, the outcomes of the large-scale measures envisaged in it, their practical impact and efficiency will be, certainly, extensively discussed in detail at the meetings on the local levels by the end of the year.

    Today, with your permission, I think it is necessary to briefly dwell upon our work on the major and priority directions which reflect the substance and essence of this Program.

    First of all, it is worth noting that a special attention was paid to the tasks of further development and improvement of legislation and legal framework related to strengthening the institute of family.

    These tasks include the development of family business and creation of its legal framework which is a call of the times, as well as the introduction of amendments and addenda to the Family Code, adoption of the Law “On Trusteeship and Sponsorship” and number of other laws.

    Throughout the year such crucial issues as enhancing the attention and care to family, primarily the young ones, their legal and social protection, giving them an extensive material and moral support have remained in the focus of our attention.

     

    For this purpose the government adopted the resolution “On additional measures to extend social support to young families”. Based on this document, in 2012-2013 100 multi-storey residential buildings with 48 apartments each for young families are being constructed.

    In 2012 alone 2,400 apartments were commissioned, while the same number of apartments shall be built next year. To create favorable conditions to purchase such apartments, 15 year-long soft mortgage loans worth 210 billion soums were allocated to thousands of young families.

    The allocation by commercial banks of micro-credits worth nearly 80 billion soums to raise well-being and income sources of families and the micro-credits worth nearly 47 billion soums to fund the business projects of vocational college graduates will also serve these noble goals.

    It won’t be a mistake to say that the allocation by commercial banks of consumer credits worth more than 71 billion soums to purchase durable locally-made items as furniture, household appliances and other goods has been a significant support in starting the household of young families and giving them a commendable start in life.

    In the rural areas the exemption from taxes of individual entrepreneurs engaged in the consumer services for a three-year period has allowed to create 40 thousand jobs.

    It is highly commendable that in the framework of the program we have paid a special attention to further enhancing the social care for the needy families.

    Speaking about this, we should note that more than 8,600 livestock and 1 million 900 thousand poultries have been distributed among the needy families and the families without breadwinners.

    This year the pupils from the low-income families were presented the winter clothes worth nearly 28 billion soums. In the new academic year nearly 510 thousand first-form pupils, as well as about 11 thousand disabled children receiving an in-home teaching were provided with 12 items of the school set at the expense of the state budget.

    It is worth noting that with an aim to stimulate and actively involve the girls in physical training and sports 190 thousand sportswear sets were presented to them, while 50 thousand children enjoyed their holidays in the summer camps free of charge and 270 thousand children – on preferential terms.

    Besides, more than one thousand socially-needy young families across the country have held their weddings at the expense of sponsorship funds.

    In 2012 we have paid a priority attention to yet another challenging objective, i.e. the employment of population. In this respect, I think it is necessary to emphasize that thanks to establishment of small enterprises and micro-firms, more than 204 thousand new jobs have been created for women.

     

    The fact that this year over 107 thousand young men and women were employed, 19 thousand unemployed youth were retrained and 52 thousand young men and women were involved in the paid social works became yet another important step in tackling a crucial problem of unemployment.

    The total amount of credits allocated for over the last period on the basis of laws adopted by the parliament on the family business and further development of private entrepreneurship made up 905 billion soums, while the amount of credits designed to actively attract women to entrepreneurship totaled 450 billion soums.

    Along with this, the micro-credits worth 218 thousand euros were allocated to businesswomen in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Syrdarya, Navoi, Surkhandarya and Tashkent regions from the Savings banks foundation for international cooperation.

    The unprecedented clear-cut measures have been taken to ease the work of our women and sisters, to more effectively utilize their potential in social, cultural, communal and economic spheres, as well as in child-raising.

    In particular, the government adopted a resolution “On additional measures to improve social and living conditions of families”. According to this document, an extensive work was carried out to improve their provision with household and kitchen appliances, as well as to expand the consumer credits to ease women’s daily household routine.

    Thanks to these measures, in 2012 the volume of consumer electronics production in our country has grown four times against the previous years.

    It is of a special significance that families in our country have been allocated the three-year consumer credits worth 317 billion soums, since they are designed to alleviate the burden of our women and sisters, as well as to raise the quality of life of the population.

    Here I would like to dwell upon yet another significant issue. This year based on the additional measures aimed at further improving the access of countryside communities to potable water through centralized water-pipelines the funds worth 108 billion soums and 96 million US dollars have been spent and over1220 kilometers of new pipelines have been built and reconstructed. This allows to provide 872 residential areas with clean potable water.

    Besides, the extensive work was accomplished to strengthen the role of family in raising a harmoniously developed generation and enhance the practical cooperation of the institute of family with educational institutions.

    As we speak about this, it is worth noting that the comprehensive measures were elaborated and are being implemented to enhance the cooperation among family, makhalla (neighborhood community) and educational institution.

    Thanks to such measures, 76 percent of more than 4,5 million pupils in our country are actively involved in scientific, music and arts circles and sports classes established at schools and “Barkamol avlod” Children’s centers.

    During this year nearly one thousand secondary schools were supplied with modern computer classes, the workrooms at more than 1150 vocational colleges were provided with necessary tools, hardware and raw materials. The “Electron ta’lim” (Electronic education) project was launched to convert the library collections of the institutes of higher learning into an electronic format.

    Nearly 30 thousand boys and girls were able to enhance their knowledge of the IT technologies on the basis of the educational program specially designed to allow the countryside youth to master the basics of using the Internet.

    Today we have the right to state with satisfaction that on the basis of “The Year of Family” Program an enormous work was accomplished in the sphere of public healthcare.

    In particular, this year we have elevated into a new level the measures in the framework of the “Healthy mother – healthy child” Program which has been implemented in the country since the early years of independence and is internationally recognized.

    Especially, in the framework of the “Salomatlik-3”Project and in cooperation with the United Nations, UNICEF and other international funds, the work on upgrading the skills of medical workers, qualified diagnostics with the use of cutting-edge equipment and early treatment of diseases has been carried out on the basis of a specific plan. Besides, a special attention was paid to encompassing all layers of population by the disease prevention measures.

    With an aim to accomplish our supreme goal, which is to raise a healthy and harmoniously developed generation, this year 8 million 300 thousand women of fertile age and 8 million children underwent medical examination. Along with this, it should be noted that about 5 thousand lone senior citizens and disabled persons were thoroughly examined and rendered necessary medical assistance.

    The extensive work has been carried out to enhance material and technical basis of the public healthcare system.

    In this regard, it is of a special significance that the National Cardiology Center supplied with the cutting-edge medical equipment was built in Tashkent for 21,5 billion soums and nearly 23 million US dollars. This Center will have a special role in preventing and treating the cardiovascular diseases which now remain to be the most acute problem.

    It should be noted that “The Year of Family” was full of various contests, festivals, exhibitions and artistic soirees. These events were aimed at cementing the place and raising the prestige of family which stands as an incomparable force in further strengthening the spiritual roots of our society, preserving our ancient values, shaping a sublime moral climate and confronting harmful influences alien to our national mentality.

    Along with construction of other sites of social importance, the consistent works have been carried out in our country to build modern sports facilities and further expand the infrastructure in this sphere.

    This year alone 168 children’s sports facilities have been commissioned and today more than 1 million 600 thousand children of 6 to 15 years of age can regularly go in for sports.

    With an aim to further develop sports in the country and raise the Uzbek football to a new level, a state-of-the-art “Bunyodkor” Sports Complex was commissioned in the capital city of Tashkent. This fact has once again vividly demonstrated the socio-economic potential of our country.

    There is no doubt that this Complex, which is the only one of its kind in Central Asia, will serve the cause of raising our youth both as physically and morally healthy generation, winning by our athletes the high places in the world arenas and further promoting Uzbekistan’s prestige in the world.

    Our systemic work to develop the children’s sports now yields its practical results.

    The two national football teams of Uzbekistan, i.e. under 16 and under 20, beat in tough competitions the strongest national teams of the Asian continent and won the right to participate in the World Cup next year. It is no doubt that such a triumph has stiffened the spirit of not only the football and sports fans, but also of our entire nation, and I will be right to say that it has filled our hearts with pride and delight.

    Taking this opportunity, allow me to thank our young football players and all athletes who are keeping the flag of our Homeland high in the international sports arenas, as well as trainers and coaches, and wish them a happiness and success.

    Dear compatriots!

    We all well understand that it will take much time to speak in details about the activities accomplished in the framework of “The Year of Family” State Program. In this regard, I believe it is necessary to draw your attention to only one figure.

    The funds worth more than 2 trillion soums and over 100 million US dollars from all financial sources have been spent to implement this Program. And I think it strikingly demonstrates how extensive and enormous are the scope of our works.

    Taking this opportunity, on my own behalf and on behalf of our nation I would like to cordially thank all state and non-government organizations in our country, foreign and international institutions, ambassadors of foreign countries and representatives of diplomatic corps present in this hall, who contributed to this gracious and good cause, as well as all people who have sincerely labored to achieve this noble goal.

    My dear compatriots, I think you will certainly agree with me if I say that “The Year of Family”, no doubt, shall leave its deep trace in the memory of our nation by its substance, spirit and philosophy, as well as practical impact and effect.

    Dear compatriots!

    Now we should exchange the views with you on how to name the forthcoming new year 2013.

    The experience we have gained in this respect during the past years shows that we should not only give a beautiful name to the year, but this idea must be supported by a clear-cut objective and meaning related to absolute majority and nation-wide interests, and filled with influential and effective measures. This factor should play a decisive role in taking this decision.

    Simply speaking, while naming the year, above all, there must be such noble goals and objectives as accomplishment of the tasks which are in the minds of each and every person, each family and our entire nation, as well as acceleration of our progress and making our life even more prosperous.

    All of us are well aware that each and every human being, irrespective of his nationality, language and religion, is born to this world to live a happy life. There are many factors that condition and guarantee making this supreme dream come true. Yet there is one factor which gives meaning and essence to our life, makes it even brighter and delightful and which embodies the wish of a man to thoroughly beautify and make his home and motherland flourishing and seek pleasure and satisfaction from such a deed.

    Speaking about this, it should be noted that we attach a very broad and deep meaning to the word ‘flourishing’ or ‘prosperous’. When we say ‘prosperous’, our people and nation imagine not only beautiful and charming places, but also the ones where peace and tranquility, mutual kindness and compassion, accord, charm and abundance do reign. They also imagine a life with pure intentions and healthy ambitions.

    We can find a confirmation of this idea by the fact that during the years of independence the phrase with a deep meaning “Flourishing comes from hearts and souls” which became widespread among our nation calls upon our people to live with a creative endeavor.

    I believe that all of us well understand that if we summarize these views and thoughts and say it in the Uzbek way, our endeavors and aspirations, above all, proceed from the idea to make our Homeland prosperous and build a free, peaceful and flourishing life for a man.

    There is no doubt that today it is of a crucial importance to fill our daily life with these dreams and aspirations, turn them into a purpose of our life, and consolidate the strengths and potential of our state and society to accomplish these ideas and ambitions.

    Dear friends, taking into consideration all aforementioned ideas and thoughts, I would like to propose to name the forthcoming new year 2013 inour country “The Year of Prosperous Life”.

    As we give such a name to the year 2013, it is our main objective to consistently continue our works started in this direction and elevate them to a new and higher level.

    I think it is expedient to pay a special attention to the following priority directions in the State program to be adopted in this regard.

    First, preserving and strengthening as an apple of an eye peace, tranquility and security, civil and interethnic accord and unity in Uzbekistan shall remain to be our most important and crucial task.

    Certainly, there are competent agencies in charge of this issue and we have sufficient strength and capability. But when the Homeland shall be peaceful and prosperous? This objective can only be achieved when everyone living in each house and each neighborhood community cherishes peace and tranquility, struggles for it and considers as his obligation to strengthen and protect it.

    Second, from the ancient times the notion of ‘a prosperous life’ embodies in the minds of our people, first of all, the well-being, abundance, plenty, sufficiency and fair prices in the markets.

    Therefore, nowadays the notion of well-being of people makes up the core meaning and substance of our national ideology, i.e. the prosperity of Homeland and peace in the country, along with other our dearest and the most sacred values.

    Such objectives as raising the well-being of the population and its real incomes, addressing the employment issues, further developing small business, private entrepreneurship and farming, as well as enhancing the state system of targeted social protection must remain in the focus of our attention in drafting the Program.

    In a word, we should accomplish the extensive works in the new year to turn the truth of the proverb of our people: “If wealth comes from a decent labor, the life will be delightful” (‘Labore omnia florent’ – ‘With work, all things flourish’) into our life credo.

    Third, all of us well understand that yet another important condition of a prosperous life is to promote a sound health of people.

    Indeed, it is no by chance that whenever and wherever our people make supplications, first of all, they pray for “a good health, peace, tranquility and prosperity of the Homeland”.

    Therefore, protecting our people’s health, providing the public healthcare system with cutting-edge tools of treatment, techniques and technologies, enhancing prophylaxis, i.e. the disease prevention, financially and morally stimulating the hard and responsible labor of the medical personnel, who diligently work in this sphere, shall remain as our permanent task.

    Fourth, the Program should define the clear-cut measures on such outstanding issues as raising the living standards of our nation, in particular, constructing the new housings, modern roads and communication networks, supplying clean potable water to residential areas, as well as resolving the problems of communal services.

    Fifth, as we put forward the objective of making our life more prosperous, we must deeply realize one truth. I mean the important condition to make our life prosperous is, first of all, to make the makhalla (neighborhood community) prosperous.

    In this respect, with the involvement of broad public we must elaborate the practical proposals to enhance the work of local committees of makhallas, the self-governance system in makhallas and the social protection system, as well as to further strengthen the role and impact of makhalla in our socio-economic life, and give makhalla the new rights and authorities.

    Sixth, making our life healthier and prosperous is ultimately and closely linked, first of all, to further enhancing the role, prestige and social activeness of women, giving worthy appreimagesCAGM2BMMciation to their work in various spheres and easing the burden of our women and sisters who take care of a household. I wish we all remember that we have a lot to do to realize this truth in practice.

    Certainly, I believe that the government and non-government organizations, local authorities, neighborhood communities, representatives of women and youth, intelligentsia, broad public and our entire nation will actively and worthily participate to accomplish the extensive tasks we have put forward for 2013.

    My dear compatriots!

    I am confident that naming the forthcoming year in our country as “The Year of Prosperous Life” will become yet another tremendous step in terms of ensuring the human rights, interests and freedoms which stand as a core and supreme goal of our policies during the years of independence and making our life further prosperous and free, as well as our future – even brighter.

    Time and again, I wish all of you a sound health, happiness, success and abundance to your families.

  • Adyghe people

    Adyghe people

    The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimates that there are as many as 3.7 million “ethnic Circassians” in the diaspora outside the Circassian republics (meaning that only one in seven “ethnic Circassians” is a speaker of the Circassian language), of whom about 2 million live in the Republic of Turkey, 700,000 in the Russian Federation, about 150,000 in the Middle East, and about 50,000 in western countries (Europe and USA).

    7-9 million est. worldwide (including Circassian diaspora) other sources state 5.5-8.9 million (90% in the diaspora)

    Regions with significant populations
     Turkey2,000,000–3,000,000
     Russia718,729
     Jordan250,000
     Syria80,000–120,000
     Egypt50,000
     Germany40,000
     Libya35,000]
     Iraq34,000
     United States25,000
     Saudi Arabia23,000
     Iran5,000–50,000
     Israel4,000–5,000
     Uzbekistan1,257
     Kosovo1,200
     Ukraine1,001
     Poland1,000
     Netherlands500
     Canada400
    Belarus116
    Turkmenistan54

    The Adyghe or Adygs (Adyghe: Адыгэ or Adǝgă, Arabic: شركس/جركس‎, Jarkas/Sharkas, Persian: چرکس‎, Charkas), also often known as Circassians or Cherkess,[11][12][13] are a North Caucasian ethnic group[14][15][16] who were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the Russian–Circassian War of 1862.

    Adyghe people mainly speak Circassian (called Adyghe and it has 12 dialects out of which 4 are mostly used. The Abzakh & Shapsogh dialects in the west, the Bjadogh in the South west (the Black Sea shore), and the Kabardin (Kabartai) in the Center. Predominant religions include Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodox Christianity. There remain about 700,000 speakers of Circassian in Adygea (Adygeans), Karachay–Cherkessia (just Circassians) and Kabardino-Balkaria (Kabards), as well as a number in the Russian Federation outside these republics.

    The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimates that there are as many as 3.7 million “ethnic Circassians” in the diaspora outside the Circassian republics (meaning that only one in seven “ethnic Circassians” is a speaker of the Circassian language), of whom about 2 million live in the Republic of Turkey, 700,000 in the Russian Federation, about 150,000 in the Middle East, and about 50,000 in western countries (Europe and USA).

    Contents

    • 1 Name
    • 2 History
      • 2.1 Origins
      • 2.2 Mamluk period
      • 2.3 Russian conquest of the Caucasus and the exile of the Adygs
      • 2.4 The Adyghes in the Middle East in modern times
    • 3 Culture
      • 3.1 Religion
      • 3.2 Language
      • 3.3 Adyghe Xabze
      • 3.4 Traditional clothing
      • 3.5 Traditional cuisine
      • 3.6 Traditional Carpets (Khilim) (woven)
    • 4 The twelve Adyghe tribes
    • 5 The Adyghe diaspora
    • 6 Controversy surrounding alleged desecration of Adyghe mass graves
    • 7 Depictions in popular culture
    • 8 Gallery
    • 9 See also
    • 10 References
    • 11 External links

    Name

    The Adyghe people call and distinguish themselves from other peoples of the Caucasus by the name Attéghéi or Adyghe.

    The usual[clarification needed] etymology presented for the name is Circassian[disambiguation needed] atté “height” to signify a mountaineer or a highlander, and ghéi “sea”, signifying “a people dwelling and inhabiting a mountainous country, a region near the sea coast, or between two seas”.[17][18][19]

    A common exonym for the Adyghe is Circassians, a term which occasionally applied to a broader group of peoples in the North Caucasus. The name Circassian is of Italian origin and came from the medieval Genoese merchants and travelers who first gave currency to the name.[20][21][22]

    The exonym Cherkess is applied to the Adyghe by the Turkic peoples (principally Kyrgyz,[20] Tatar[23][24][25][26] and Turkish[27]) and the Russians. The name Cherkess was usually explained to mean “Warrior Cutter” or “Soldier Cutter” from the Turkic words: cheri (soldier) and kesmek (to cut), so that Cherkess – a synonym for a soldier cutter. By others, the name is supposed to refer to the predatory habits among Adyghe tribes and Abazin. The Russians gave the collective name of Cherkess to all the mountaineers of Circassia who are divided into many tribes.[28]

    History

    Origins

    The Adyghe people originate in the North Caucasus region, an area they are belived to have occupied as early as the Stone Age period, with traces of them dating back as far as 8000 BC.[citation needed] In about 4000 BC the Maykop culture existed in the North Caucasus region, which influenced all subsequent cultures in the North Caucasus region as well as other parts of the region which is now southern Russia. Archaeological findings, mainly of dolmens in North-West Caucasus region, indicate the existence of a megalithic culture in the region.[29] The Adyghe kingdom was established in c. 400 BC.[29] After 460 AD news of “Utige” begins to feature in connection to a state established around Phanagoria which grew into Old Great Bulgaria. After the collapse of this state under pressure from the Khazars, it seems the Adyghe people were never politically united, a fact which reduced their influence in the area and their ability to withstand periodic invasions from groups like the Mongols, Avars, Pechenegs, Huns, and Khazars.

    Genetically, the Adyghe population has shared ancestry with European, Central as well as South Asian populations.[30]

    Mamluk period

    Most of the Mamluks were originally Adyghe and Turkish slaves who were gathered by the Arab sultans to serve their kingdoms as a military force. Others, however, say that the Mamluks were mostly Cumans and Kipchaks. During the 13th century, the Mamluks seized power in Cairo, and as a result the Mamluk kingdom became the most influential kingdom in the Muslim world. The majority of the leaders of the Mamluk kingdom were of Adyghe origin.

    Even after Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, the Adyghes continued to rule in Egypt until the 18th century.

    With the rise of Muhammad Ali Pasha, almost all the senior Mamluks were killed and the remaining Mamluks fled to Sudan.

    Today, several thousand Adyghes reside in Egypt and they are the descendants of these Mamluks. Until the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, the Adyghes were an elite group in the country.

    Russian conquest of the Caucasus and the exile of the Adygs

    The Adyghe people converted to Christianity prior to the 5th century.[citation needed] In the 15th century, under the influence of the Tatars of Crimea and Ottoman clerics, the Adygs converted to Islam.[citation needed]

    Between the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries the Adyghe people lost their independence as they were slowly conquered by Russia in a series of wars and campaigns. During this period, the Adyghe plight achieved a certain celebrity status in the West, but pledges of assistance were never fulfilled. After the Crimean War, Russia turned her attention to the Caucasus in earnest, starting with the peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan. In 1859, the Russians had finished defeating Imam Shamil in the eastern Caucasus, and turned their attention westward. Eventually, the long lasting Russian–Circassian War ended with the victory for the russians.

     The Adyghe forces, which was finalized with the signing of loyalty oaths by Adyghe leaders on 2 June 1864 (21 May, O.S.).

    The Conquest of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during the Russian-Circassian War, led to the destruction and killing of many Adygs—towards the end of the conflict, the Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with driving the remaining Circassian inhabitants out of the region, primarily into the Ottoman Empire. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry.[31][32][33] “In a series of sweeping military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864… the northwest Caucasus and the Black Sea coast were virtually emptied of Muslim villagers. Columns of the displaced were marched either to the Kuban [River] plains or toward the coast for transport to the Ottoman Empire… One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse”[33] This expulsion, along with the actions of the Russian military in acquiring Circassian land,[34] has given rise to a movement among descendants of the expelled ethnicities for international recognition that genocide was perpetrated.[35] In 1840, Karl Friedrich Neumann estimated the Circassian casualties to be around one and a half million.[36] Some sources state that hundreds of thousands of others died during the exodus.[37] Several historians use the term ‘Circassian massacres’[38] for the consequences of Russian actions in the region.[39]

    Like other ethnic minorities under Russian rule, the Adygs who remained in the Russian Empire borders were subjected to policies of mass resettlement.

    The Ottoman Empire, which ruled most of the area south of Russia considered the Adyghe warriors to be courageous and well-experienced, and as a result encouraged them to settle in various near-border settlements of the Ottoman empire in order to strengthen the empire’s borders.

    • 160px CircassianCoastBattle

      An Adyghe strike on a Russian Military Fort built over a Shapsugian village that aimed to free the Circassian Coast from the occupiers during the Russian-Circassian War, 22 March 1840

    • 180px Sobranie cherkesskikh knyazey

      Conference of Circassian princes in 1839–40

    • 142px Cotes de la Mer Noire. Adighes descendus des montagnes. %281847%29

      Adygs in Caucasus, 1847

    • 163px Pyotr Nikolayevich Gruzinsky The mountaineers leave the aul

      The mountaineers leave the aul, P. N. Gruzinsky, 1872

    The Adyghes in the Middle East in modern times

    The Adyghes who were settled by the Ottomans in various near-border settlements across the empire, ended up living across many different territories in the Middle East who belonged at the time to the Ottoman Empire and which are located nowadays in the following countries:

    • Turkey, the country which contains today the largest adyghe population in the world. The Adygs settled in three main regions in Turkey—the region of Trabzon, located along the shores of the Black Sea, the region near the city of Ankara, the region near the city of Kayseri, and in the western part of the country near the region of Istanbul, this specific region experienced a severe earthquake in 1999. Many Adygs played key roles in the Ottoman army and also participated in the Turkish War of Independence.
    • Syria. Most of the Adygs who immigrated to Syria settled in the Golan Heights. Prior to the Six Day War, the Adygs people were the majority group in the Golan Heights region – their number at that time is estimated at 30,000. The most prominent settlement in the Golan was the town of Quneitra. The total number of Circassians in Syria is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.[40] The Syrian Circassians are exploring returning back to Circassia as tensions between the Bashar al-Assad regime and opposition forces escalates. Circassians from different parts of Syria like Damascus have moved back to the Golan Heights, believed to be safer. Some refugees have been reportedly killed by shelling. Circassians have been lobbying the Russian and Israeli governments to help evacuate refugees from Syria. Some visas were issued by Russia. [41]
    • Jordan. The Adygs had a major role in the history of the Kingdom of Jordan.[42][43] They make up around 1% to 2% of the total population. Over the years various Adygs have served in distinguished roles in the kingdom of Jordan. An Adyghe has served before as a prime minister (Sa`id al-Mufti), ministers (commonly at least 1 minister should represent the Circassians in each cabinet), high rank officers, etc., and due to their important role in the history of Jordan it is Adyghe who form the Hashemites Honor guard at the Royal palaces, and they represented Jordan in the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo in 2010 joining other Honor guards such as The Airborne Ceremonial Unit.[44][45]
    • Israel. The Adygs initially settled in three places—in Kfar Kama, Rehaniya and in the region of Hadera. Due to a Malaria epidemic, the Adyghe settlement near Hadera was eventually abandoned. Though Sunni Muslim, Adygs are seen as a loyal minority within Israel, who serve in the armed forces.[46][47]

    Culture

    Adyghe society prior to the Russian invasion was highly stratified. While a few tribes in the mountainous regions of Adygeya were fairly egalitarian, most were broken into strict castes. The highest was the caste of the “princes”, followed by a caste of lesser nobility, and then commoners, serfs, and slaves. In the decades before Russian rule, two tribes overthrew their traditional rulers and set up democratic processes, but this social experiment was cut short by the end of Adyghe independence.

    The main Adyghe tribes are: Abzekh, Adamey, Bzhedugh, Hakuch, Hatukuay, Kabardey, Kemirgoy, Makhosh, Natekuay, Shapsigh (Shapsugh), Yegerikuay, Besleney. Most Adyghe living in Caucasia are Bzhedugh, Kabarday and Kemirgoy, while the majority in diaspora are Abzekh and Shapsigh (Shapsugh). Standard Adyghe language is based on Kemirgoy dialect.

    Religion

    The ethnic religion of Circassians (Adyghes) was Habze—a philosophical and religious system of personal values and the relationship between an individual to others, to the world around him, and to the Higher Mind. In essence, it represents monotheism with a much-defined system of worshipping One God—the Mighty Tha (Tha, Thashxue). During the time of the settlement of Greek cities/colonies on the coast of the Black Sea there was an intermingling of cultures. Circassian mythology has noticeable aspects from Greek mythology. In return, there is evidence that Greek mythology also borrowed from Circassian legends. In the 6th century, under Byzantine influence, many Adyghes were Christianised, but under the growing influence of the Ottomans, many of them became Muslims. Throughout Circassian history the ethnic religion of Circassians has interacted with Christianity and Islam.

    Christianity reached and spread throughout the Caucasus and was first introduced between the 4th century[48] and the 6th century[49] under Greek Byzantine influence and later through the Georgians between the 10th century and the 13th century. During that period, Circassians began to accept Christianity as their national religion, but did not fully adopt Christianity as elements of their ancient indigenous pagan beliefs still survived.

    Islam penetrated the northeastern region of the Caucasus, principally Dagestan, as early as the 7th century, but was first introduced to the Circassians between the 16th century and in the middle of the 19th century under the influence of the Crimean Tatars and the Ottoman Turks. It was only after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus when Circassians as well as other peoples of the Caucasus were forced out of their ancestral homeland and settled in different regions of the Ottoman Empire did they begin to fully accept and adopt Islam as their national religion.

    The Naqshbandi tariqa of Sufi Islam was also introduced to the Circassians in the late 18th century under the influence of Sheikh Mansur who was the first to preach the Naqshbandi tariqa in the northeastern region of the Caucasus and later through Imam Shamil in the middle of the 19th century.

    Today, the majority of Circassians are predominantly Sunni Muslim and adhere to the Hanafi school of thought, or law, the largest and oldest school of Islamic law in jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

    Language

    Today most Adyghe speak Russian, English, Turkish, Arabic, French, German, and/or the original Adyghe language.

    The majority of the Circassian people speak the Adyghe language, when the Kabarday tribe speaks the Adyghe language in the Kabardian dialect. The language has a number of dialects spoken by the different Circassian tribes and the pronunciation of words is slightly different in each place in the world. The Adyghe language belongs to the family of Northwest Caucasian languages. It is spoken among all the Circassian communities around the world, with c. 125,000 speakers who live in the Russian Federation, some of whom live in the Republic of Adygea where the Adyghe language is defined as the official language. The world’s largest Adyghe-speaking community is the Circassian community in Turkey—it has c. 150,000 Adyghe speakers.

    Adyghe Xabze

    Adyghe Xabze (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хабзэ) is the epitome of Circassian culture and tradition. It is their code of honour and is based on mutual respect and above all requires responsibility, discipline and self-control. Adyghe Xabze functions as the Circassian unwritten law yet was highly regulated and adhered to in the past. The Code requires that all Circassians are taught courage, reliability and generosity. Greed, desire for possessions, wealth and ostentation are considered disgraceful (“Yemiku”) by the Xabze code. In accordance with Xabze, hospitality was and is particularly pronounced among the Circassians. A guest is not only a guest of the host family, but equally a guest of the whole village and clan. Even enemies are regarded as guests if they enter the home and being hospitable to them as one would with any other guest is a sacred duty.

    Circassians consider the host to be like a slave to the guest in that the host is expected to tend to the guest’s every need and want. A guest must never be permitted to labour in any way, this is considered a major disgrace on the host.

    Every Circassian arises when someone enters the room, providing a place for the person entering and allowing the newcomer to speak before everyone else during the conversation. In the presence of elders and women respectful conversation and conduct is essential. Disputes are stopped in the presence of women and domestic disputes are never continued in the presence of guests. A woman can request disputing families to reconcile and they must comply with her request. A key figure in Circassian culture is the person known as the “T’hamade” (Adyghe: Тхьэмадэ- Тхьэматэ), who is often an elder but also the person who carries the responsibility for functions like weddings or circumcision parties. This person must always comply with all the rules of Xabze in all areas of his life.

    Circassian Xabze is well known amongst their neighboring communities.

    Traditional clothing

    The Adyghe traditional clothing (Adyghe: Адыгэ Щыгъыныхэр) refers to the historical clothing worn by the Adyghe people. The traditional female clothing (Adyghe: Бзылъфыгъэ Шъуашэр) was very diverse and highly decorated and mainly depends on the region, class of family, occasions, and tribes. The traditional female costume is composed of a dress (Adyghe: Джанэр), coat (Adyghe: Сае), shirt, pant (Adyghe: Джэнэк1акор ), vest (Adyghe: К1эк1), lamb leather bra (Adyghe: Шъохътан), a variety of hats (Adyghe: Пэ1охэр), shoes, and belts (Adyghe: Бгырыпхыхэр). Holiday dresses are made of expensive fabrics such as silk and velvet. The traditional colors of females clothing rarely includes blue, green or bright-colored tones, instead mostly white, red, black and brown shades wear.

    The traditional male costume (Adyghe: Адыгэ хъулъфыгъэ шъуашэр) includes a coat with wide sleeves, shirt, pants, a dagger, sword, and a variety of hats and shoes. Traditionally, young men in the warriors times wore coat with short sleeves—in order to feel more comfortable in combats. Different colors of clothing for males were strictly used to distinguish between different social classes, for example white is usually worn by princes, red by nobles, gray, brown, and black by peasants (blue, green and the other colors were rarely worn). A compulsory item in the traditional male costume is a dagger and a sword. The traditional Adyghean sword is called Shashka. It is a special kind of sabre; a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and guardless sword. Although the sword is used by most of Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks, the typically Adyghean form of the sabre is longer than the Cossack type, and in fact the word Shashka came from the Adyghe word “Sashkhwa” (Adyghe: Сашьхъуэ) which means “long knife”.

    Traditional cuisine

    The Adyghe Cuisine is rich with different type dishes,[50][51] in the summer, the traditional dishes consumed by the Adyghe people were mainly dairy products and vegetable dishes. In the winter and spring it was mainly flour and meat dishes. An example of the latter is known as ficcin.

    The Circassian cheese considered one of the famous type of Cheeses in the North Caucasus and world wide.

    A popular traditional dish is chicken or turkey with sauce, seasoned with crushed garlic and red pepper. Mutton and beef are served boiled, usually with a seasoning of sour milk with crushed garlic and salt.

    Variants of pasta are found. A type of ravioli may be encountered, which is filled with potato or beef.

    On holidays the Adyghe people traditionally make Haliva (Adyghe: хьэлжъо) (fried triangular pasties with mainly Circassian cheese or potato), from toasted millet or wheat flour in syrup, baked cakes and pies.

    In the Levant there is a famous Circassian dish which called Tajen Alsharkaseiah.[52]

    Traditional Carpets (Khilim) (woven)

    The Adyghes were famous in making carpets (Adyghe: П1уаблэхэр) or rugs worldwide for thousands of years, and they made most of their carpets from pampas grass Cortaderia selloana (Adyghe: 1ут1эн, Arabic: نبات الحلفا‎) like other Caucasian nations.

    Making carpets was very hard work in which collecting raw materials is restricted to a specific period of time within the year. The raw materials were dried, and based on the intended colors, different methods of drying were applied. For example, when dried in the shade, its color changed to a beautiful light gold color. If it were dried in direct sun light then it would have a silver color, and if they wanted to have a dark color for the carpets, the raw materials were put in a pool of water and covered by poplar leaves (Adyghe: Ек1эпц1э, Arabic: شجر الحور‎).

    The carpets were adorned with images of birds, beloved animals (horses), and plants, and the image of the sun was widely used.

    The carpets were used for different reasons due to their characteristic resistance to humidity and cold, and in retaining heat. Also, there was a tradition in Circassian homes to have two carpets hanging in the guest room, one used to hang over rifles (Adyghe: Шхончымрэ) and pistols (Adyghe: Къэлаеымрэ), and the other used to hang over musical instruments.

    The carpets were used to pray upon, and it was necessary for every Circassian girl to make three carpets before marriage; a big carpet, a small carpet, and the last for praying as a Prayer rug. These carpets would give the grooms an impression as to the success of their brides in their homes after marriage.[53]

    The twelve Adyghe tribes

    The main Adyghe tribes are:

    • Abdzakh (Adyghe: Абдзах)
    • Baslaney (Adyghe: Бэслэней)
    • Bzhedug (Adyghe: Бжъэдыгъу)
    • Yegeruqay (Adyghe: Еджэркъуай)
    • Zhaney (Adyghe: Жанэ)
    • Kabardai (Adyghe: Къэбэрдэй)
    • Mamkhegh (Adyghe: Мамхыгъ)
    • Natukhai (Adyghe: Нэтыхъуай, Нэтыхъуадж)
    • Temirgoy (Adyghe: Кlэмгуй)
    • Ubykh (Adyghe: Убых)-Extinct Lang.
    • Shapsogh (Adyghe: Шапсыгъ)
    • Hatukai (Adyghe: Хьатыкъуай)

    Other Adyghe tribes :

    • Adamiy (Adyghe: Адэмый)
    • Mequash (Adyghe: Мыхъош)
    • Hakuts (Adyghe: ХьакӀуцу)

    The Adyghe diaspora

    Adyghe have lived outside the Caucasus region since the Middle Ages. They were particularly well represented in the Mamluks of Turkey and Egypt. In fact, the Burji dynasty which ruled Egypt from 1382 to 1517 was founded by Adyghe Mamluks.

    Much of Adyghe culture was disrupted after their conquest by Russia in 1864. This led to a diaspora of the peoples of the northwest Caucasus, known as Muhajirism, mostly to various parts of the Ottoman Empire. And it was depicted in the Circassian Folklore (know to Circassians as Ghebzah) with the name (istambelak’kwa).

    The largest Adyghe diaspora community today is in Turkey, especially in Samsun, Kahramanmaraş, Kayseri, Bandırma and Düzce.

    Significant communities live in Jordan,[54][55] Iraq,[8][54] Syria (in Beer ajam and many other villages),[54] Lebanon,[56] Egypt, Israel (in the villages of Kfar Kama and Rehaniya—for more information see Circassians in Israel),[54] Libya,[57] and Macedonia.[58][dubious – discuss] A number of Adyghe were introduced to Bulgaria in 1864-1865 but most fled after it became separate from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. On May 20, 2011 the Georgian parliament voted in a 95 to 0 declaration that Russia had committed genocide when it engaged in massacres against Circassians in the 19th Century.[59]

    A great number of Adyghe people have also immigrated to the United States and settled in Upstate New York, California, and New Jersey.

    The small community from Kosovo expatriated to Adygea in 1998.

    Out of 1,010 Adyghe people living in Ukraine (473 Kabardins, 338 Adygeis and 199 Cherkesses – after the existing Soviet division of Adyghe people into 3 groups) only 181 (17,9 %) declared fluency in the native language. 96 (9,5 %) declared Ukrainian as native language and 697 (69 %) marked “other language” as their native and most likely the latter is Russian, though none openly declared it.[60]. The major Adyghe community in Ukraine is in Odessa.

    The total number of Adyghe people worldwide is estimated at 6 million.

    Controversy surrounding alleged desecration of Adyghe mass graves

    The Olympic facilities in Sochi (once the Circassian capital)[2] are being built in areas that are claimed to contain mass graves of Adyghe who were killed during ethnic cleansing by Russia in military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864.[citation needed]

    Adyghe organizations in Russia and the Adyghe diaspora around the world have requested that the construction at the site would stop and that the Olympics games would not be held at the site of the Adyghe genocide to prevent the desecration of the Adyghe graves.[citation needed] According to Iyad Youghar, who heads the lobby group International Circassian Council: “we want the athletes to know that if they compete here they will be skiing on the bones of our relatives.”[2]

    Depictions in popular culture

    Over the years, Adyghes have been featured in various popular books and films:

    • The 1962 Academy Award-winning British film Lawrence of Arabia included a scene in which the British title character (Peter O’Toole) is captured by Turkish officers at the city of Daraa. His blue eyes and fair skin are remarked upon, leading to the question “Are you Circassian?”, to which he replies “Yes, effendi”.[61]
    • In the 1840 Russian novel “A Hero of Our Time” the narrator tells the story of a beautiful Adyghe princess named ‘Bela’, whom a character abducts from her family.
    • In “Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar” the author who was the Princess of Zanzibar was half Circassian and half Arab, narrates about the many Circassian Secondary Wives of the Sultan of Zanzibar.
    • In a 2005 episode of the BBC drama Spooks lead character Adam Carter pretends to be a Circassian from Aleppo in order to infiltrate a people-smuggling route.
    • The 2010 Jordanian film Cherkess, which takes place in 1900, depicts a unique encounter between the local Bedouin tribes and the Adyghe immigrants, in the region known today as Jordan, during the period in which this region was under Ottoman rule.[62]
    • Sarema is the Circassian heroine and title character in the 1897 opera of that name by the Austrian composer Alexander Zemlinsky (1871–1942).

    Gallery

    See also

    • Nart saga
    • Circassian beauties
    • Circassian nationalism
    • Circassian music
    • Adyghe Autonomous Oblast
    • Deportation of Circassians
    • Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians

    References

    • Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839 – Bell, James Stanislaus (English)
    • Amjad Jaimoukha, The Circassians: A Handbook, New York: Palgrave, 2001; London: Routledge Curzon, 2001. ISBN 978-0-312-23994-7
    • Jaimoukha, Amjad, Circassian Culture and Folklore: Hospitality Traditions, Cuisine, Festivals & Music (Kabardian, Cherkess, Adigean, Shapsugh & Diaspora), Bennett and Bloom, 2010.
  • Southern flank is strategically important to Russia

    Southern flank is strategically important to Russia

    N.Caucasus Fed.1

    Gulnara Inandzh

    Director, Ethnoglobus

    An International Online Information and Analysis Center,

    (ethnoglobus.az), editor of Russian section of Turkishnews American-Turkish Resource website www.turkishnews.com  , mete62@inbox.ru

     

    The North Caucasus, which is bordered by two regional states, Azerbaijan and Georgia, is strategically important to Russia.  For the preservation of peace in the southern portion of the country, the federal center along with the use of force is conducting economic reforms meant to provide new work places, an improvement in the standard of living of the population, and a reduction in the amount of out-migration.

    Economic weakness and a lack of social development in such a strategically important region represent a serious danger for the state integrity of Russia, because among the reasons that its citizens and especially young people in the south are turning to radical Islamist groups are poverty and unemployment.  Consequently, Moscow believes that changes in these areas will turn people away from radicalism and return them to normal civic life.

    Over the last several years, the Russian government, with this goal in mind, has begun the planned development of this region by means of the involvement of investors, including foreign ones.  At the same time, however, considering the efforts of foreign governments to promote separatism, including in the North Caucasus, Russia has been quite cautious about any foreign role in the economy of that region and not allowed outside investors access to its economy.  In particular, Turkish investors were pushed out of the region and Circassians now living abroad were not provided with opportunities to invest in their historical homeland.

    Because it lacks geopolitical ambitions in the North Caucasus and because it has no desire to become the instrument of outside games in the region, Azerbaijan has become a successful and trusted source of capital investment in the economy of the south of the Russian Federation.  Many factors have contributed to this, including Baku’s economic potential, the similarity of outlooks, natural infrastructure, a major market, among others.

    The 2010 state border agreement between Baku and Moscow promoted the opening of the North Caucasus economic zone for Azerbaijani business.  In the summer of 2011, A.G. Khloponin, the deputy head of the Russian government and the special representative of the Russian President to the North Caucasus Federal District, together with the heads of all North Caucasian republics, came to Baku to discuss Azerbaijani investments.  Immediately after this, Azerbaijan’s economic development minister Shahin Mustafayev visited seven republics of the North Caucasus.  That was followed by a series of business forums and meetings of businessmen. [1]

    Reflecting its particular attention to economic cooperation with Azerbaijan in this area, the plenipotentiary representation of the Russian President in the North Caucasus created a special council for control over the execution of the decisions concerning the federal subjects in the region, and it has plans to open a representation of this plenipotentiary in Azerbaijan.  As deputy plenipotentiary representative Sergey Subbotin observed, “Before the leaders of the North Caucasus Federation District have been given the task of developing relations with Azerbaijan and the time has come for checking the effectiveness of the measures taken to address this task.  The effective resolution of all tasks depends in the first instance on effective control.” [2]

    The involvement of Azerbaijani business is especially evident in the Stavropol and Krasnodar regions of Russia.  In 2009, for example, Azerbaijan occupied third place in the amount of foreign trade with Stavropol, with its total being 123.3 million US dollars or 8.7 percent of the trade turnover of the kray.  Azerbaijani trade turnover with Krasnodar in that year was 71.4 million US dollars.

    Azerbaijan’s Azersun Holdings Company in the following year, to give but one example, opened a tea processing factory in Belorechensk in Krasnodar kray valued at more than three million US dollars annually.  That company has begun construction of a new preserves factory for a similar sum.  And that company alone has invested 22 million US dollars in the development of the infrastructure of Krasnodar kray.  Furthermore, Azerbaijan’s Matanat-A company in September 2011 began building a construction materials factory in Krasnodar’s Uspensky District, a project estimated to cost 30 million euros.

    Daghestan has the largest trade turnover with foreign countries, but the involvement of Azerbaijani business in that neighboring republic still remains at the stage of discussions.  After the signing in 2010 of the inter-governmental agreement on cooperation in the rational use and protection of the water resources of the Samur River, the construction of a hydroelectric station on that river should permit the development of the infrastructure of Daghestan and Azerbaijani districts bordering it.

    No less interesting is the project of the construction of a Trans-Samur highway (Derbent-Akhty-Rutul, across the Bagos pass by tunnel, and the construction of an Avar-Kakhti road connecting Botlikh, Buynaksk and Makhachkala) in order to supply southern Daghestan and Azerbaijan.  The new highway will provide access into and out of Southern and Mountainous Daghestan. [3]

    Azerbaijani capital is involved in the agricultural and construction sectors of the North Caucasus Federal District.  A Stavropol company has reached agreement with the Azerbaijani agricultural ministry about a tender to sell agricultural technology produced there to the Azerbaijani Republic.

    There has also been cooperation in tourism and resorts.  Because the North Caucasus has resorts developed in Soviet times and even further back, Azerbaijani businessmen are finding that Moscow is extremely interested in involving them in the redevelopment of these facilities.  A. Khloponin has suggested that Moscow will provide state guarantees and insurance for investments in this area. [4]

    It is clear that there is a need to establish free trade zones in this region in order to allow for the freer flow of goods and services and workers between southern Russia and Azerbaijan and to provide a framework for attracting additional Azerbaijani investors.  And that may happen given that the Russian side is seeking to move economic relations between Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus Federal District beyond just trade.  All this shows—and this is the key point—that Russia now trusts its southern flank to Azerbaijan.

     

    Notes

    [1] See  (accessed 14 November 2012).

    [2] See http://fineko/abc.az (accessed 14 November 2012).

    [3] See https://www.turkishnews.com/ru/content/2012/11/06/ (accessed 14 November 2012).

    [4] See http://fineko/abc.az (accessed 14 November 2012).

    sourse ADA Biweekly Newsletter

  • Turkey support cause of Kashmiris

    Turkey support cause of Kashmiris

    Turkey support cause of Kashmiris

    Sunday, December 09, 2012 – TURKEY has once again won hearts of the people of Pakistan by expressing its full support to the just cause of the Kashmiri people. Talking to a Pakistan parliamentary delegation in Ankara, Turkish President Abdullah Gul said there was a great deal of awareness about the Kashmir issue in Turkey, which was product of an unjust international system, hoping that dialogue between Pakistan and India would lead to an amicable solution.

    This is not for the first time that the Turkish leadership has unequivocally extended their country’s support to Pakistan on this issue as Ankara has been steadfast in its policy on Kashmir since long. Turkey has been contributing its sincere efforts towards resolution of the longstanding problem and seeking an end to human rights violations of Kashmiri people. It has been raising its voice and supporting Pakistan’s principled stand on the dispute at all international forums in a steadfast manner. The most important aspect of its contribution is as member of the OIC Contact Group on Kashmir that has always adopted strong resolutions on the issue, supporting right of self-determination for Kashmiris and resolution of the problem as per aspirations of Kashmiri people. Turkey is so forthright in its advocacy for the rights of Kashmiri people that Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan raised the issue in his UN General Assembly speech last year, demanding early resolution of the dispute for achieving peace and stability in the region. This is significant in view of the fact that even some Pakistani leaders felt shy of raising the issue at UN for sometime in their bid not to displease Indians. We appreciate statement of Mr. Abdullah Gul that there was great awareness of Kashmir issue in Turkey as this is confirmed by seminars and discussions organized by civil society organizations in the brotherly country as well as favourable media reports appearing quite frequently on the issue. We are sure that the categorical position of the Turkish leadership and people would further deepen love and affection between the two countries. We also urge other OIC member States to join Turkey and Saudi Arabia in adding their voice for the sake of rights of Kashmiri people.

    via Turkey support cause of Kashmiris.