Category: Armenian Question

“The great Turk is governing in peace twenty nations from different religions. Turks have taught to Christians how to be moderate in peace and gentle in victory.”Voltaire’s Philosophical Dictionary

  • Talking ‘Turkey’ about genocide

    Talking ‘Turkey’ about genocide

    by Michael Tomlin

    Posted: Thursday, March 19, 2009

    Government, like business, needs leaders with standards, beliefs and values. We expect retailers to “just say no” to lead paint on toys. And we should expect our elected leaders to call genocide what it was and is.

    At issue is President Obama, caught in the pragmatic twist of pragmatists – people who believe only in current convenience – having declared during his campaign the historic annihilation of 1.5 million Armenians as “genocide” now may be backing off the term so not to insult Turkey, which he will visit in April.

    Turkey of course is that same country with laws protecting and prohibiting itself from being insulted. Write an unflattering book or article about Turkey and you can be arrested and jailed. That is insult enough, done to themselves, separating them from the enlightened world.

    In Michael Doyle’s story for McClatchy Newspapers (Idaho Statesman, Mar. 18, 2009) diplomats warn of potential fallout should the U.S. president stand and call the genocide of the Ottoman Empire what it was. It would be “poorly received,” stated one former ambassador. What should be poorly received is Turkey, in any collection of civilized nations until they learn to accept criticism.

    What if our congressional leaders failed to question the AIG banker bonuses because criticism might be “poorly received” in the banking industry? OK, the questioning is a sham … but at least it’s an open and contentious sham. Let’s cover up the peanut paste scandal, too, and not risk being poorly received by the company allegedly responsible for numerous food-borne illnesses and deaths.

    Just as a good parent chooses carefully whom they allow their children to play with, so should business leaders and elected leaders make similar choices – based upon values and beliefs, behavior, actions, and deserved reputations. This is not a call for isolationism; there are businesses and countries aplenty for us to “play” with.

    I recently cancelled an account with Bank of America, and will soon do so with AIG. There are plenty of others I cherish – my relationship with my State Farm Insurance agent, ditto for Mountain West Bank, a new relationship with Les Bois Credit Union, restaurants and shoe makers, airlines and my doctor. They re-earn my patronage with their behavior over the years, not just with each meeting or transaction.

    I expect no less from business leaders selecting their suppliers and distributers. And I have even a higher standard for my president. Stand for the United States and our interests, and don’t stand at all with those not ready for prime time on the world stage. It’s not the pragmatic view, but then values seldom are.

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    Talking Turkey: Denying the Iraqi Genocide

    Written by Paul Craig Roberts
    Sunday, 21 October 2007 16:20
    The Iraqi Genocide
    by Paul Craig Roberts
    Why has not the Turkish parliament given tit for tat and passed a resolution condemning the Iraqi Genocide?

    As a result of Bush’s invasion of Iraq, more than one million Iraqis have died, and several millions are displaced persons. The Iraqi death toll and the millions of uprooted Iraqis match the Armenian deaths and deportations.

    If one is a genocide, so is the other.
    It is true that most of the Iraqi deaths have resulted from Iraqis killing one another. But it was Bush’s destruction of the secular Iraqi state that unleashed the sectarian strife.

    Moreover, American troops in Iraq have killed more civilians than insurgents. The US military in Iraq has fallen for every bit of disinformation fed to it by Al Qaeda personnel posing as “informants” and by Sunnis setting up Shi’ites and Shi’ites setting up Sunnis. As a result, American bombs and missiles have blown up weddings, funerals, kids playing soccer, and people shopping in bazaars and sleeping in their homes.

    Not to be outdone, Bush’s private Waffen SS known as Blackwater Security has taken to gunning Iraqi civilians down in the streets. How do Blackwater and Custer Battles killers escape the “unlawful combatant” designation?

    One can only marvel at the insouciance of the US Congress to the current Iraqi Genocide while condemning Turkey for one that happened 90 years ago.

    People seldom see the beam in their own eye, only the mote in the eyes of others. Every member of the Bush Regime is busily at work denouncing Iran for causing instability in the Middle East.

    Meanwhile, the US has invaded two countries, throwing them into total chaos, while beating the drums for war with Iran and conspiring with Israel to invade Lebanon and to attack Syria.

    The indisputable facts are that the US and Israel have attacked four Middle East countries and are determined to attack a fifth. Yet, it is peaceful Iran, at war with no one, that Bush and Israel blame for causing instability in the Middle East.

    Not content with its many wars in the Middle East, the Bush Regime is sponsoring wars in Africa and is setting up an African Command. The US government has been bombing and attacking other countries ever since the cold war ended. Instead of peace, the gang in Washington DC chose war.

    Other than the Israel Lobby, the greatest supporters of Bush’s wars are Christian evangelicals, specifically the “rapture evangelicals” and the “Christian Zionists.”

    I remember when Christianity was about saving one’s soul. Today it is about bringing on Armageddon. While the various evangelical Christians preach war in the Middle East, they condemn Islam for being a “warlike religion.”

    Americans are so full of themselves that they are blind to their extraordinary hypocrisy.
    The US government has broken every agreement with Russia by withdrawing from the anti-ballistic missile treaty, pushing NATO to Russia’s borders, conniving to place missiles in Poland and the Czech Republic, and buying governments in former Soviet republics and installing US military bases therein.

    When Russian President Putin finally has enough and protests, the US Secretary of State blames Putin for being difficult and restarting the cold war.

    Few Americans realize it, but they take the cake.

    International polls show that the rest of the world regard the US and Israel as the greatest dangers to world peace. Americans claim that they are fighting wars against terrorism, but it is US and Israeli terrorism that worries everyone else. The rest of the world knows that the wars are about US and Israeli hegemony and that the US and Israel are prepared to engage in whatever acts of terror are necessary to achieve hegemony.

    That is the bare fact.
    When the US dollar loses its reserve currency status, the US empire will come to an abrupt end. Sooner or later the rest of the world will realize this and, in an act of self-protection, dethrone the dollar.
    Paul Craig Roberts was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the Reagan administration. He was Associate Editor of the Wall Street Journal editorial page and Contributing Editor of National Review. He is coauthor of The Tyranny of Good Intentions.
    He can be reached at: [email protected]
    source
  • Move from Senate ahead of Obama visit

    Move from Senate ahead of Obama visit

    US lawmakers pressure Obama on Armenian issue

    WASHINGTON – While it is not clear whe Obama for America ther United States President Barack Obama will keep his promise to recognize the Armenians’ claims of genocide, a group of pro-Armenian lawmakers formally introduces a resolution calling for the US government’s recognition, as this year’s April 24 statement looms on the horizon

    A group of pro-Armenian U.S. lawmakers Tuesday formally introduced a resolution calling for the U.S. government’s recognition of the Armenians’ claims of genocide.

    Democratic congressmen Adam Schiff and Frank Pallone and Republican congressmen George Radanovich and Mark Kirk authored the legislation, and 77 out of 435 lawmakers in the House of Representatives, Congress’s lower chamber, cosponsored it.

    This number was considerably smaller than the over 160 original cosponsors who had backed the last similar resolution introduced in the previous House in January 2007.

    The legislation’s introduction came less than three weeks before President Barack Obama’s planned visit to Ankara and Istanbul.

    During last year’s presidential election campaign, Obama had pledged to recognize the Armenian killings as genocide, if elected.

    Moral obligation

    But it is not clear if he, in his expected April 24 statement on Armenian deaths, will qualify the killings as genocide, or if he will support the latest House resolution.

    Turkey warns that any formal U.S. recognition will damage bilateral relations in a major and lasting way.

    Supporters of the resolution argue that the United States has a moral obligation to recognize the killings regardless of the foreign policy implications.

    “The facts of history are clear, well documented, and non-negotiable,” said Schiff.

    U.S. Armenian groups welcomed the resolution’s introduction and urged Obama to keep last year’s promise.

    “We look, in the coming days and weeks, for the president to honor his pledge, to fully support this legislation, and to raise the discourse in Washington on the Armenian genocide from the level of Turkey’s threats and denials up to the level of the core moral and humanitarian values of the American people,” said Aram Hamparian, executive director of the Armenian Narional Committee of America.

    “This legislation is an opportunity for the United States to assume a leadership role in genocide affirmation and genocide prevention,” said Bryan Ardouny, executive director of the Armenian Assembly of America.

    To pass, the resolution needs to be approved first by the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and then in a House floor vote. But even if it passes, it will not have a binding effect for the U.S. administration’s policies and will reflect “the sense of Congress.”

    April 24 statement

    It is not clear when the resolution could come to the Foreign Affairs Committee’s agenda.

    At a time when Turkey and Armenia are working on a package to normalize their relations, most analysts agree that Obama is not expected to qualify the Armenian killings as genocide in this year’s April 24 statement.

    “At this moment, our focus is on how, moving forward, the United States can help Armenia and Turkey work together to come to terms with the past,” said Mike Hammer, spokesman for Obama’s National Security Council. The last resolution was passed by the House Foreign Affairs Committee in October 2007. But it was then shelved and never came to a House floor vote following efforts by then-president George W. Bush’s administration’s efforts to stall it.

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    US lawmakers pressure Obama on Armenian issue
    11 Mar 2009 22:36:15 GMT

    Source: Reuters

    By Susan Cornwell WASHINGTON, March 11 (Reuters) – Several U.S. lawmakers have written to President Barack Obama urging him to follow up on campaign statements and label the 1915 massacre of Armenians as genocide. The pressure on Obama comes ahead of an expected presidential trip to Turkey, which has warned that such declarations by the United States would damage relations. Turkey denies that up to 1.5 million Armenians suffered genocide at the hands of Ottoman Turks during World War One. Turkey accepts many Armenians were killed, but denies they were victims of a systematic genocide. Ronald Reagan was the only U.S. president to publicly call the killings genocide. Others avoided the term out of concern for the sensitivities of Turkey, an important NATO ally. Four members of the House of Representatives urged Obama to make a statement ahead of the 94th anniversary of the killings on April 24. “As a presidential candidate, you were … forthright in discussing your support for genocide recognition, saying that ‘America deserves a leader who speaks truthfully about the Armenian genocide and responds forcefully to all genocides.’ We agree with you completely,” the letter said. It was signed by Democrats Adam Schiff of California and Frank Pallone of New Jersey, and Republicans George Radanovich of California and Mark Kirk of Illinois. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, on a visit to Turkey last week, said Obama would visit “within the next month or so” in his first trip as president to a Muslim country. During Clinton’s visit, Foreign Minister Ali Babacan said Turkey would consider mediating between the United States and Iran over Tehran’s nuclear program. The foreign minister also said in a recent television interview that he saw a risk that Obama would describe the Armenian deaths as genocide, because Obama had done this during his campaign. But Babacan said the United States needed to understand the sensitivities in Turkey. Another consideration for Obama will be that both Turkey and Armenia say they are close to normalizing relations after nearly a century of hostility. Other members of the administration, including Clinton and Vice President Joe Biden, have in the past supported calling the Armenian killings genocide. Democratic aides said they also expected several lawmakers to reintroduce a resolution branding the massacre of Armenians as genocide. Armenian-Americans have been pushing for passage of similar proposals in Congress for years. Two years ago, a resolution was approved in committee but dropped after Turkey denounced it as “insulting” and hinted at halting logistical support for the U.S. war effort in Iraq.
  • Sarkisian In Phone Call With Clinton

    Sarkisian In Phone Call With Clinton

     

     By Emil Danielyan

    President Serzh Sarkisian discussed a wide range of issues, including Armenia’s ongoing rapprochement with Turkey, in a phone call with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reported by his office on Wednesday.

    As they spoke, U.S. lawmakers formally introduced a fresh draft resolution that refers to the mass killings of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire as genocide and urges President Barack Obama to do the same. The Obama administration did not immediately react to the initiative strongly backed by the influential Armenian community in the United States.

    A short statement issued by the Armenian presidential press service said Sarkisian and Clinton discussed U.S.-Armenian relations and, in particular, the recent extension of a freeze on some of American economic assistance to Yerevan. The U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation made the decision, citing the “status of democratic governance” in Armenia, at a March 11 meeting of its governing board chaired by Clinton.

    The statement said that Sarkisian and Clinton also touched upon international efforts to resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and “the Turkish-Armenian political dialogue.” It gave no details.

    The U.S. State Department issued no statements on Clinton’s first-ever conversation with the Armenian leader. The acting department spokesman, Robert Wood, did not mention it at a daily press briefing in Washington on Tuesday.

    The current and previous U.S. administrations have welcomed the dramatic thaw in the traditionally strained Turkish-Armenian relations. After months of high-level negotiations, the two neighboring states appear to be on the verge of to establishing diplomatic relations and opening their border.

    Official Ankara has repeatedly warned that Obama will set back the long-awaited normalization of Turkish-Armenian ties if he publicly describes the 1915-1918 massacres of Armenians as genocide. “A bad step by the United States would only worsen the process,” Foreign Minister Ali Babacan said on March 8.

    Babacan’s Armenian counterpart, Eduard Nalbandian, dismissed Turkish warnings during a visit to Paris last week.

    The highly sensitive issue is expected to feature large during Obama’s trip to Turkey scheduled for April 5. Turkish leaders already raised their concerns with Clinton when she visited Ankara earlier this month.

    During the U.S. presidential race, both Obama and Clinton repeatedly called the slaughter of more than a million Ottoman Armenians a genocide and pledged to reaffirm such declarations once in office. Neither leader has publicly commented on the subject since taking office.

    “The Los Angeles Times” reported on Tuesday that the Obama administration is now considering postponing an official U.S. recognition of the genocide in view of the unprecedented Turkish-Armenian rapprochement and Turkey’s importance for the success of U.S. plans on Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq. “At this moment, our focus is on how, moving forward, the United States can help Armenia and Turkey work together to come to terms with the past,” Michael Hammer, a spokesman for the U.S. National Security Council, told the paper.

    The Armenian-American community and its allies in the U.S. Congress, meanwhile, hope that Obama will honor his campaign pledges. “We do not minimize Ankara’s threats of adverse action when you recognize the genocide, or when Congress takes action to formally recognize the genocide, but we believe that our alliance is strong enough to withstand the truth,” a group of congressmen wrote in a recent letter to the president.

    Stepping up the pressure on the White House, the lawmakers on Tuesday submitted to the House of Representatives a bill that calls on Obama to “accurately characterize the systematic and deliberate annihilation of 1,500,000 Armenians as genocide” in his statement due on April 24, the genocide remembrance day.

    Armenian-American lobbying groups, meanwhile, seem confident that Obama will not bow to the Turkish pressure. “The Armenian government has been clear that no linkage exists between normalizing relations and U.S. genocide recognition, and aside from Turkish lobbying efforts, no one seriously thinks that President Obama, Vice President Biden or Secretary Clinton will jeopardize U.S. and their own credibility in opposing genocide recognition,” Van Krikorian, a senior member of the Armenian Assembly of America, told RFE/RL. “Turkey continues to come to terms with its own past and a reversion to the policy of accommodating denial will cut that off at the knees.”

    https://www.azatutyun.am/a/1600437.html

  • Lawmakers Introduce Resolution

    Lawmakers Introduce Resolution

    U.S. REPRESENTATIVES
    RENEW DRIVE FOR ARMENIAN GENOCIDE RECOGNITION
    Turk TV-NTV den habere gore , US kongre`de 74 uyenin co-sponsor imzasi ile Kongre`ye sunuldu. Foreign Relation Committee`ye gonderilecek. Dr. Fevziye Manizade. Turkish Forum danışma Kurulu

    Armenian National Committee of America
    1711 N Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036
    Tel. (202) 775-1918 * Fax. (202) 775-5648 * [email protected]

    PRESS RELEASE

    For Immediate Release ~ 2009-03-17
    Contact: Elizabeth S. Chouldjian ~ Tel: (202) 775-1918

    U.S. REPRESENTATIVES RENEW DRIVE FOR ARMENIAN GENOCIDE RECOGNITION

    Introduce Bipartisan Armenian Genocide Resolution

    WASHINGTON, DC – Legislation calling on the U.S. President to properly recognize the Armenian Genocide was introduced today in the U.S. House of Representatives, two weeks before President’s Obama’s April 5th trip to Turkey and roughly a month before the White House’s annual April 24th commemoration of this crime against humanity, reported the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA).

    The measure, H.Res.252, is spearheaded by lead sponsors, Adam Schiff (D-CA) and George Radanovich (R-CA) and Congressional Armenian Caucus Co-Chairs Frank Pallone (D-NJ) and Mark Kirk (R-IL), and cosponsored by over 70 House colleagues. The resolution is identical to the one introduced in both the House and Senate in the 110th Congress, which was adopted by the House Foreign Affairs Committee, over intense pressure from the Turkish Government and Bush Administration, and publicly endorsed by then-candidate for President Barack Obama, his Vice President Joe Biden, and current Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.

    “Armenians in the U.S. and around the world thank Adam Schiff, George Radanovich, Frank Pallone and Mark Kirk for leading Congressional efforts toward U.S. recognition of the Armenian Genocide,” said Aram Hamparian, Executive Director of the ANCA. “The election of Barack Obama, who has spoken repeatedly, forcefully, and with great clarity about the need for American recognition of the Armenian Genocide, marked a truly welcome break from the flawed policies of the past on this score. We look, in the coming days and weeks, for the President to honor his pledge, to fully support this legislation, and to raise the discourse in Washington, DC on the Armenian Genocide from level of Turkey’s threats and denials up to the level of the core moral and humanitarian values of the America people.”

    In the days leading up to the introduction of the Armenian Genocide Resolution, Representatives Schiff, Radanovich, Pallone and Kirk sent a letter to President Obama urging him to end the complicity of past Administrations in Turkey’s genocide denial by properly characterizing the Armenian Genocide. That sentiment was reiterated by the International Association of Genocide Scholars, in a March 7th letter sent to President Obama.

    The resolution comes six-weeks prior to April 24th, the worldwide commemoration of the Armenian Genocide. U.S. Presidents have marked the annihilation of 1.5 million Armenians from 1915-1923 by the Ottoman Turkish government every year since 1994, though have refrained from the proper characterization of this crime under threats and pressure from the Turkish government.

    “There is going to be heavy focus on encouraging President Obama to make a strong statement of recognition on April 24, because it will be important in setting the tone of the discussions on the Armenian Genocide Resolution in Congress,” Rep. Schiff told Armenian Weekly Editor Khatchig Mouradian earlier today. “The Turkish lobby will be spending millions — like they did in past years. They will also argue that the recognition of the genocide will cut off reconciliation between Armenia and Turkey, and that this is not the right time. The truth is, after 94 years, if this is not the right time, I don’t know when that right time can be.”

    Rep. Radanovich concurred, noting, “President Obama made a clear promise to the Armenian community during his campaign and to do anything short of properly recognizing the Armenian genocide as such would be a direct slap in the face to Armenians around the world.” In a statement issued earlier today, he went on to note that “The Armenian constituents in my district have been staunch advocates of the truth and to them I promise not to give up this fight.”

    As Members of Congress prepared to introduce the Armenian Genocide Resolution, thousands of Armenian American activists contacted their legislators through phone, mail and the ANCA WebFax system urging them to become early cosponsors of the legislation.

    The Armenian Genocide legislation is expected to the referred to the House Foreign Affairs Committee.

  • Obama wavers on pledge to declare Armenian genocide

    Obama wavers on pledge to declare Armenian genocide

    From the Los Angeles Times

    Obama wavers on pledge to declare Armenian genocide

    The administration is considering postponing a presidential statement amid worries that it would risk Turkey’s help in the Mideast.By Paul Richter

    March 17, 2009

    Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration is hesitating on a promised presidential declaration that Armenians were the victims of genocide in the early 20th century, fearful of alienating Turkey when U.S. officials badly want its help.

    President Obama and other top administration officials pledged during the presidential campaign to officially designate the 1915 killings of Armenians by the Ottoman Turks as genocide. Many Armenian Americans, who are descendants of the victims and survivors, have long sought such a declaration.

    But the administration also has been soliciting Ankara’s help on Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran and other security issues amid Turkish warnings that an official U.S. statement would imperil Turkey’s assistance.

    Administration officials are considering postponing a presidential statement, citing progress toward a thaw in relations between Turkey and neighboring Armenia. Further signs of warming — such as talk of reopening border crossings — would strengthen arguments that a U.S. statement could imperil the progress.

    “At this moment, our focus is on how, moving forward, the United States can help Armenia and Turkey work together to come to terms with the past,” said Michael Hammer, a spokesman for the National Security Council. He said the administration was “encouraged” by improvements in relations and believed it was “important that the countries have an open and honest dialogue about the past.”

    Armenian Americans and their supporters, however, say policies that avoid offending Turkey merely advance Ankara’s denial of brutal periods in its history.

    An estimated 1.5 million Armenians were victims of planned killings by the Ottoman Turks as the empire was dissolving during World War I, an episode historians have concluded was a genocide. But Turkey and some of its supporters contend that the deaths resulted from civil war and unrest and that their numbers were exaggerated.

    American presidents have long sought to avoid calling the killings a genocide, fearing repercussions from a NATO ally that is acutely sensitive to the charge. In 2007, the Bush administration argued for a delay in a congressional genocide resolution, saying that Turkish assistance was needed for the safety of U.S. troops in Iraq.

    For Obama, the controversy comes at an especially sensitive time. He is visiting Turkey on April 5, and his views on the issue will command worldwide attention. Armenian Americans, meanwhile, have been pushing for a White House declaration on April 24, the annual remembrance day. Congressional supporters are also planning to reintroduce the genocide resolution soon.

    Obama’s visit to Turkey has become risky for the administration, said Mark Parris, a former U.S. ambassador to Turkey. “Plopping the president down over there really does raise the stakes,” said Parris, now co-director of the Brookings Institution’s program on Turkey. “Now it can’t be overlooked. . . . It could carry costs to his credibility.”

    Obama declared repeatedly during his campaign that the killings were genocide. Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton are on record with similar positions.

    But the Obama administration would like to use Turkey as part of the military supply line for Afghanistan. It also would like more help regarding Iraq, Iran’s nuclear program, Russia and Mideast peace.

    Relations between Turkey and Armenia began warming noticeably in September, when Turkish President Abdullah Gul became the first Turkish leader to visit Armenia. The countries are considering opening borders and embassies, initiating economic cooperation and establishing a historical commission.

    But Parris said further openings to Armenia would carry domestic risks for Turkish leaders, who could be reluctant to do so if they thought Obama would declare a genocide on April 24.

    Congressional supporters of the genocide resolution expressed frustration about the latest resistance.

    “The argument that some are making now is only the latest incarnation of the same old tired refrain: that we should recognize the genocide — just not this year,” said Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D-Burbank), one of the sponsors of the resolution.

    Another advocate, Rep. Brad Sherman (D-Sherman Oaks), said that though the strength of Turkey’s cautions was declining, Turks remained influential with lawmakers who believed a halt in Ankara’s aid could hurt U.S. troops. Sherman called it “their ugly ace in the hole.”

    Aram Hamparian, executive director of the Armenian National Committee of America, remained optimistic. Obama “is a man of his word and has been crystal clear on the issue,” he said.

    But Turks remain uneasy. Ali Babacan, the Turkish foreign minister, warned in a TV interview last week that Obama’s visit didn’t preclude a genocide declaration.

    “The Turks fully understand that the danger of the [genocide] resolution is not going away,” said Bulent Aliriza, director of the Turkey Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

    [email protected]

    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-17-na-obama-genocide17-story.html

  • Armenia and Armenians in Int’l Treaties, Ann Arbor, Mar. 19-21

    Armenia and Armenians in Int’l Treaties, Ann Arbor, Mar. 19-21

    International Conference
    Armenia and Armenians in International Treaties

    University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, March 19-21, 2009

    Day 1 – Thursday, March 19, 2009 – Michigan Union (Anderson D)

    Session I – 9:00-12:00

    Dr. Levon Avdoyan, “Unintended Consequences: Three Ancient Treaties
       and the Armenians” (63,299, 387 CE)
    Prof. Robert H. Hewsen, “Armenia in the Treaty of Nisibis of 299 CE”
    Prof. Seta B. Dadoyan,”From the ‘Medinan Oaths’ to the Shah’s
       ‘Compact’ for New Julfa-Isfahan: The Millennial Record of
       Islamic-Armenian Protocols”
    Prof. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, “Armenian Aristocrats as Diplomatic
       Partners of Eastern Roman Emperors, 387-884/885 AD”

    Session II – 2:00-5:00

    Prof. Azat Bozoyan, “The Treaty of Deapolis (1107) as an Example of
       the Byzantine Policy of ‘Divide and Rule’”
    Prof. Claude Mutafian, “The International Treaties of the Last Kingdom
       of Armenia

    Mr. Armen Kouyoumdjian, “When Madrid Was the Capital of Armenia
    Prof. Ali Kavani, “The Treaty of 1639 and its consequences for Armenia
       and Armenians”

    Day 2 – Friday, March 20, 2009 – Michigan Union (Anderson D)

    Session III – 9:00-12:00

    Dr. Sebouh Aslanian, “Julfan Agreements with Foreign States and
       Chartered Companies: Exploring the limits of Julfan Collective
       Self-Representation in the Early Modern Age”
    Prof. Kevork Bardakjian, “The National ‘Constitution’ of 1863: A
       Dhimmi-Muslim Contract?”
    Prof. Aram Yengoyan, “No War, No Peace: The Treaty of Brest Litovsk, 1918″
    Prof. Richard Hovannisian,”The Unratified Treaty of Alexandropol as
       the Basis for Subsequent Russian-Turkish-Armenian Relations”

    Session IV – 2:00-4:00

    Dr. Fuat Dundar, “Diplomacy of Statistics: Discussing the Number of
       Armenians during Diplomatic Negotiations (1878-1914)”
    Dr. Vladimir Vardanyan, “Peace Treaties of Armenia and Relating to
       Armenia: A Legal Analysis”
    Prof. Dennis Papazian, “The Treaty of Lausanne

    Day 3 – Saturday, March 21, 2009 – Michigan Union (Wolverine ABC)

    Session V – 8:30-12:00

    Dr. Lusine Taslakyan, “Armenia in International Environmental Conventions”
    Mr. Emil Sanamyan, “The OSCE-CFE Treaty and Breaches in the
       International Legal System: Armenia’s Predicament Today”
    Mr. Rouben Shougarian, “Yielding More to Gain the Essential: The
       Russo-Armenian Treaty of 1997”
    Prof. Sevane Garibian, “From the 1915 Allied Declaration to the Treaty
       of Sevres
    : The Legacy of the Armenian Genocide in International
    Criminal Law”

    Session VI – 1:30-4:00

    Prof. Keith Watenpaugh, “The League of Nations and the Formation of
       Armenian Genocide Denial
    Pascual Ohanian, JD, “International Treaties in International Penal
       Law Concerning Crimes Against Humanity: Applicability of the Juridical
       Experience in Argentina and Chile to the Turkish-Ottoman State and
       Turkish Republic for Acts Perpetrated from 1910 to 1923 and Beyond”
    Prof. Catherine Kessedjian, “Beyond Treaties”

    Live webcast: